2. REASONS FOR RECOGNISING NON-FORMAL AND INFORMAL LEARNING OUTCOMES – 45 formal learning and the opportunity costs arising from the potential loss of resources for individuals during the period in which they are engaged in it. The time argument is such a universal one that it is hard to cite all the countries or regions which invoke it. Almost all countries taking part in the study put forward the time-saving argument to justify the introduction of a process for recognising non-formal and informal learning outcomes. Examples of reduced direct costs are given by Australia (Hunter Recognition Centre), while the decrease in costs is very clear in the Canadian PLAR. Canada also emphasises that PLAR provides for the optimisation of institutional resources. In certain cases, it is necessary to propose the PLAR option to obtain public funding. Another frequently encountered argument concerns the need to make the many different modes of
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