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Infectious Diseases of t...
Mammomonogamiasis Infectious Diseases of the World - 2010 edition Mammomonogamiasis Agent PARASITE - Nematoda. Phasmidea: Mammomonogamus (Syngamus) laryngeus Reservoir Mammal Bird Coyote Cat Cattle Orangutan Vector None Vehicle Uncooked Vegetables Water Incubation Period 6d - 11d Diagnostic Tests Identification of ova in feces, or of adults from respiratory tract. Typical Adult Therapy Extraction or expulsion of parasite Typical Pediatric Therapy As for adult Clinical Hints Cough and hemoptysis associated with a laryngeal 'foreign body'; may persist for months. Gapeworm, Mammomonogamus, Syngamus laryngeus. Synonyms ICD9: 128.8 ICD10: B83.3 Clinical 1 Symptoms suggest a foreign body in the upper respiratory tract, with cough, wheezing and occasionally hemoptysis. • The condition is usually diagnosed following expulsion of characteristic red, Y-shaped adult worms (male 4 to 5 mm, and 2 female 15 to 20 mm in length). This disease is endemic or potentially endemic to 17 countries. Mammomonogamiasis in the World Time and Place:
(2010)
Infectious Diseases and ...
Melioidosis Infectious Diseases and Bioterrorism - edition Melioidosis Agent BACTERIUM. Burkholderia pseudomallei An aerobic gram-negative bacillus Reservoir Soil Water Sheep Goat Horse Pig Rodent Monkey Marsupial Vector None Vehicle Water: Contact, ingestion, aerosol Breast milk (rare) Incubation Period 3d - 21d (range 2d - 1y) Diagnostic Tests Culture of blood, sputum, tissue. Serology. Nucleic acid amplification. Ceftazidime or Meropenem or Imipenem i.v. X at least 14 days May be combined with Typical Adult Therapy Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim p.o. Follow with Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim +/- Doxycycline X at least 3 months. Ceftazidime or Meropenem or Imipenem i.v. X at least 14 days May be combined with Typical Pediatric Therapy Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim p.o. Follow with Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim X at least 3 months. May present as: lymphangitis with septicemia; or fever, cough and chest pain; or diarrhea; bone, Clinical Hints central nervous system, liver and parotid infection are occasionally encountered; case-fatality rate 10% to over 50% (septicemic form). Burkholderia
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of A...
Lymphogranuloma venereum Infectious Diseases of Australia - 2010 edition Lymphogranuloma venereum in Australia Graph: Australia. Lymphogranuloma venereum, cases Notes: Individual years: 1993 - From Victoria. 1994 - Both from Victoria. 1995 - From Victoria. 2001 - Lymphogranuloma venereum ceased to be an officially reportable disease. 10 11 During 2006, 4 cases were reported in Sydney ; and one case of anorectal infection was reported in a man in 12 Melbourne. 13 - The rate of rectal LGV infection among HIV-infected MSM was only 0.3 per 100 patient-years (Sydney, 2005 to 2007) References 1. Sex Transm Infect 2002 Apr ;78(2):90-2. 8. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2007 Mar ;9(2):143-50. 2. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999 Oct ;41(4):511-32. 9. Sex Transm Infect 2009 Jun ;85(3):180-1. 3. Med Clin North Am 1998 Sep ;82(5):1081-104, vi. 10. J Clin Microbiol 2007 Mar ;45(3):1029-31. 4. Ear Nose Throat J 2008 Aug ;87(8):478-80. 11. ProMED archive:
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of B...
Leptospirosis Infectious Diseases of Bhutan - 2010 edition Subclinical infection is common. • Overt leptospirosis (90% of cases) is characterized by a self-limited, systemic illness. 2 • Patients are at risk for severe and potentially fatal illness which may present with renal failure, liver failure, pneumonia 3 4 or hemorrhagic diathesis. • Illness begins abruptly with such symptoms as fever (38 to 40 C), headache (over 95% of cases), rigors, myalgia (over 80%), conjunctivitis (30 to 40%), abdominal pain (30%), vomiting (30 to 60%), diarrhea (15 to 30%), cough, muscular (calf) tenderness, pharyngitis (20%) and a pretibial maculopapular rash (fewer than 10%). 5 • Additional findings may include lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly or pancreatitis. • During the acute illness, bacteria can be recovered from or seen in blood, CSF, or tissue using specialized techniques. • Organisms are demonstrated in urine after the 5th to 7th days. Pyuria, hematuria and proteinuria may
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of B...
Listeriosis Infectious Diseases of Bosnia and Herzegovina - 2010 edition Listeriosis Agent BACTERIUM. Listeria monocytogenes A facultative gram-positive bacillus Reservoir Mammal Human Bird Soil Water Vector None Vehicle Transplacental Dairy products (eg, soft cheeses), Infected secretions Vegetables Poultry Water Incubation Period 3d - 21d (-60d post-ingestion) Diagnostic Tests Culture of blood or CSF. Ampicillin 2g i.v. q6h X 2w (higher dosage in meningitis) + Gentamicin. Sulfamethoxazole/ Typical Adult Therapy trimethoprim recommended for Penicillin-allergic patients Ampicillin 50 mg/kg i.v. Q6h X 2w (higher dosage in meningitis). Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim Typical Pediatric Therapy recommended for Penicillin-allergic patients Meningitis or sepsis, often immune-suppressed patients (lymphoma, AIDS, etc); gastroenteritis - Clinical Hints may follow ingestion of 'over-the-counter' foods; neonatal septicemia occasionally encountered. Listeria monocytogenes, Listeriose, Listeriosi. Synonyms ICD9: 027.0 ICD10: A32 Clinical Major risk factors for invasive Listeriosis reflect T-cell mediated immune compromise, including old age, pregnancy, hematological malignancy, chemotherapy, corticosteroid therapy and anti-TNF-alpha agents 1
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of B...
Leptospirosis Infectious Diseases of Brunei - 2010 edition Subclinical infection is common. • Overt leptospirosis (90% of cases) is characterized by a self-limited, systemic illness. 2 • Patients are at risk for severe and potentially fatal illness which may present with renal failure, liver failure, pneumonia 3 4 or hemorrhagic diathesis. • Illness begins abruptly with such symptoms as fever (38 to 40 C), headache (over 95% of cases), rigors, myalgia (over 80%), conjunctivitis (30 to 40%), abdominal pain (30%), vomiting (30 to 60%), diarrhea (15 to 30%), cough, muscular (calf) tenderness, pharyngitis (20%) and a pretibial maculopapular rash (fewer than 10%). 5 • Additional findings may include lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly or pancreatitis. • During the acute illness, bacteria can be recovered from or seen in blood, CSF, or tissue using specialized techniques. • Organisms are demonstrated in urine after the 5th to 7th days. Pyuria, hematuria and proteinuria may
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of B...
Liver abscess - bacterial Infectious Diseases of Brazil - 2010 edition Liver abscess - bacterial BACTERIUM. Various species from portal (Bacteroides, mixed aerobe-anaerobe) or biliary Agent (Escherichia coli, etc) source Reservoir Human Vector None Vehicle Endogenous Incubation Period Variable Ultrasonography, CT or radionucleotide scan. If amoebic abscess suspected, perform Entamoeba Diagnostic Tests serology Typical Adult Therapy Intravenous antibiotic(s) directed at likely or suspected pathogens. Percutaneous or open drainage Typical Pediatric Therapy As for adult Tender liver, and prolonged fever in a patient with history of diverticulosis, cholecystitis, appendicitis, Clinical Hints etc; clinically similar to amoebic abscess, but often multiple. Ascesso fegato, Bacterial liver abscess, Hepatic abscess - bacterial, Liver abscess. Synonyms ICD9: 572.0 ICD10: K75.0 Clinical Symptoms of pyogenic hepatic abscess include fever and rigors of several days' to several weeks' duration. • Dull right upper quadrant pain may be associated with cough and pleuritic pain with radiation to the
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of t...
Liver abscess - bacterial Infectious Diseases of the Canary Islands - 2010 edition Liver abscess - bacterial BACTERIUM. Various species from portal (Bacteroides, mixed aerobe-anaerobe) or biliary Agent (Escherichia coli, etc) source Reservoir Human Vector None Vehicle Endogenous Incubation Period Variable Ultrasonography, CT or radionucleotide scan. If amoebic abscess suspected, perform Entamoeba Diagnostic Tests serology Typical Adult Therapy Intravenous antibiotic(s) directed at likely or suspected pathogens. Percutaneous or open drainage Typical Pediatric Therapy As for adult Tender liver, and prolonged fever in a patient with history of diverticulosis, cholecystitis, appendicitis, Clinical Hints etc; clinically similar to amoebic abscess, but often multiple. Ascesso fegato, Bacterial liver abscess, Hepatic abscess - bacterial, Liver abscess. Synonyms ICD9: 572.0 ICD10: K75.0 Clinical Symptoms of pyogenic hepatic abscess include fever and rigors of several days' to several weeks' duration. • Dull right upper quadrant pain may be associated with cough and pleuritic pain with radiation
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of C...
Leprosy Infectious Diseases of China - 2010 edition Graph: Macao. Leprosy, cases References 1. Lancet 2004 Apr 10;363(9416):1209-19. 12. J Indian Med Assoc 2008 Mar ;106(3):165-6. 2. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2008 Aug ;13(8):E479-82. 13. Eur Spine J 2010 Apr 7; 3. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2009 Mar-Apr;75(2):177-9. 14. Int J Dermatol 2009 Sep ;48(9):984-8. 4. Lepr Rev 2008 Sep ;79(3):331-4. 15. Lepr Rev 2007 Sep ;78(3):281-9. 5. Lepr Rev 2008 Sep ;79(3):320-4. 16. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2008 Nov ;29(11):1095-100. 6. Lepr Rev 2008 Sep ;79(3):303-10. 17. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2010 Apr 23;85(17):149-56. 7. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2008 Jan-Feb;50(1):47-50. 18. Indian J Lepr 2000 Apr-Jun;72(2):215-26. 8. Minn Med 2008 Nov ;91(11):30-3. 19. Lepr Rev 2009 Dec ;80(4):410-5. 9. Int J Dermatol 2009 Feb ;48(2):150-3. 20. Lepr Rev 2007 Mar ;78(1):65-9. 10. Dermatol Online J 2009 ;15(4):9. 21. Hong Kong Med
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of C...
Lymphogranuloma venereum Infectious Diseases of Canada - 2010 edition Lymphogranuloma venereum in Canada 22 cases of lymphogranuloma venereum were reported during the first four months of 2005 - all in men who have sex with 10-12 men. Seroprevalence surveys: 13 8% of MSM (2006) References 1. Sex Transm Infect 2002 Apr ;78(2):90-2. 8. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2007 Mar ;9(2):143-50. 2. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999 Oct ;41(4):511-32. 9. Sex Transm Infect 2009 Jun ;85(3):180-1. 3. Med Clin North Am 1998 Sep ;82(5):1081-104, vi. 10. CMAJ 2005 Jun 21;172(13):1674-6. 4. Ear Nose Throat J 2008 Aug ;87(8):478-80. 11. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006 Apr ;4(4):469-73. 5. Sex Transm Infect 2007 Jul ;83(4):337-8. 12. ProMED archive: 20050601.1523 6. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1999 ;7(4):199-201. 13. Int J STD AIDS 2008 Dec ;19(12):805-9. 7. Int J STD AIDS 2009 Aug ;20(8):585-6. © 2010 GIDEON Informatics, Inc. www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. Page 230
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of D...
Lyme disease Infectious Diseases of Denmark - 2010 edition 6 7 • Multiple skin lesions may occur in 20% to 50% of cases. 8 • A nodule in the nipple or ear lobe (borrelial lymphocytoma) may be present, and appears to be more common in Europe. • Acrodermatitis chronicum atrophicans, typically seen on the hands and feet, is also more common in the European variety. 9 • Acropapular dermatitis has also been reported in children with Lyme disease. • Erythema annulare centrifugum is an inflammatory skin disease with incoherent conglomeration of figurate or gyrate 10 erythemas. Lesions associated with borreliosis are positive by PCR 11 Systemic manifestations of Lyme disease: 12-15 • A wide variety of neurological diseases have been associated with advancing Lyme disease. 16-18 • Some patients present with a typical Bell's palsy, which may be bilateral in 25% of cases. 19 • Parsonage-Turner syndrome (acute brachial neuritis
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of C...
Listeriosis Infectious Diseases of Cuba - 2010 edition Graph: Cuba. Listeriosis, cases References 1. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2008 Jul ;10(4):300-6. 17. Echocardiography 2004 Jul ;21(5):423-7. 2. Scand J Infect Dis 2005 ;37(3):190-4. 18. Int J Infect Dis 2004 Mar ;8(2):97-102. 3. Rev Med Chil 2009 Dec ;137(12):1602-6. 19. Scand J Infect Dis 2002 ;34(5):383-4. 4. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003 Apr 1;35(3):173-5. 20. Transpl Infect Dis 1999 Dec ;1(4):284-7. 5. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003 Apr 1;35(3):173-5. 21. Rev Esp Cardiol 2000 Feb ;53(2):300. 6. N Engl J Med 1997 Jan 9;336(2):130-2. 22. Acta Clin Belg 1994 ;49(2):95-8. 7. N Engl J Med 1997 Jan 9;336(2):100-5. 23. Rev Infect Dis 1988 May-Jun;10(3):616-23. 8. Clin Infect Dis 2005 May 1;40(9):1327-32. 24. Scand J Infect Dis 1988 ;20(4):359-68. 9. Infection 2007 Jun ;35(4):212-8. 25. J Infect 2009 Feb ;58(2):161-3. 10. Eur J Intern Med 2008 Jun ;19(4):295-6. 26. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of E...
Leptospirosis Infectious Diseases of Egypt - 2010 edition Leptospirosis Agent BACTERIUM. Leptospira interrogans An aerobic non-gram staining spirochete Reservoir Cattle Dog Horse Deer Rodent Fox Marine mammal Cat Marsupial Frog Vector None Vehicle Water Soil urine contact Incubation Period 7d - 12d (range 2d - 26d) Diagnostic Tests Culture on specialized media. Dark field microscopy of urine, CSF. Serology. Typical Adult Therapy Doxycycline 100 mg BID X 5 to 7d Age >= 8y: Doxycycline 2.2 mg/kg BID X 5 to 7d. Age < 8y: i.v. Penicillin G 50,000u/kg q6h X 5 to Typical Pediatric Therapy 7d "Sterile" meningitis, nephritis, hepatitis, myositis and conjunctivitis; often follows recent skin contact Clinical Hints with fresh water in rural or rodent-infested areas; case-fatality rates of 5% to 40% are reported. Andaman hemorrhagic fever, Canefield fever, Canicola fever, Field fever, Fish handler's disease, Fort Bragg fever, Japanese autumnal fever, Leptospira, Leptospirose, Leptospirosen, Leptospirosi, Mud Synonyms
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of E...
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Infectious Diseases of Ethiopia - 2010 edition Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Agent VIRUS - RNA. Arenaviridae, Arenavirus: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Reservoir House mouse Guinea pig Hamster Monkey Vector None Vehicle Urine Saliva Feces Food Dust Incubation Period 8d - 12d (range 6d - 14d) Diagnostic Tests Viral culture (blood, throat, CSF). Serology. Nucleic acid amplification. Biosafety level 3. Typical Adult Therapy Supportive Typical Pediatric Therapy As for adult Headache, myalgia, meningitis and encephalitis; photophobia or pharyngitis may be present; prior Clinical Hints exposure to rodents; infection resolves within 2 weeks, however convalescence may require an additional 2 months. Synonyms Clinical Acute infection: 35% of infections are asymptomatic and 50% are characterized by a nonspecific flu-like illness. • Overt infections are characterized by fever, headache, nausea and systemic symptoms, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. 1 2 • Patients may also exhibit lymphadenopathy and a maculopapular rash (12% to 15% of patients have rash
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of G...
Malaria Infectious Diseases of Ghana - 2010 edition 1 2 • In Africa, tickborne relapsing fever and rabies are often mis-diagnosed as malaria. The typical malarial paroxysm begins with rigors lasting 1 to 2 hours, followed by high fever. • This is followed by marked diaphoresis and a fall in temperature. • Tertian (fever every other day) fever may occur in infection by P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. ovale; quartan (every third 3 day) fever with P. malariae infection; and daily fever with P. knowlesi infection. 4 5 • P. knowlesi malaria appears to be more severe than P. malariae malaria, with higher rates of parasitemia and fatality. • 'Classical' fever patterns are rarely helpful, and anemia and splenomegaly develop only after several attacks. • Less common findings include anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and hypotension. Complications: 6-8 Complications include pulmonary disease (ARDS), encephalopathy, nephropathy, retinopathy , shock ('algid malaria'), 9
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of H...
Listeriosis Infectious Diseases of Hong Kong - 2010 edition Graph: Hong Kong. Listeriosis, cases References 1. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2008 Jul ;10(4):300-6. 17. Echocardiography 2004 Jul ;21(5):423-7. 2. Scand J Infect Dis 2005 ;37(3):190-4. 18. Int J Infect Dis 2004 Mar ;8(2):97-102. 3. Rev Med Chil 2009 Dec ;137(12):1602-6. 19. Scand J Infect Dis 2002 ;34(5):383-4. 4. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003 Apr 1;35(3):173-5. 20. Transpl Infect Dis 1999 Dec ;1(4):284-7. 5. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003 Apr 1;35(3):173-5. 21. Rev Esp Cardiol 2000 Feb ;53(2):300. 6. N Engl J Med 1997 Jan 9;336(2):130-2. 22. Acta Clin Belg 1994 ;49(2):95-8. 7. N Engl J Med 1997 Jan 9;336(2):100-5. 23. Rev Infect Dis 1988 May-Jun;10(3):616-23. 8. Clin Infect Dis 2005 May 1;40(9):1327-32. 24. Scand J Infect Dis 1988 ;20(4):359-68. 9. Infection 2007 Jun ;35(4):212-8. 25. J Infect 2009 Feb ;58(2):161-3. 10. Eur J Intern Med 2008 Jun ;19(4):295-6. 26. Gen
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of I...
Leptospirosis Infectious Diseases of Iceland - 2010 edition Subclinical infection is common. • Overt leptospirosis (90% of cases) is characterized by a self-limited, systemic illness. 2 • Patients are at risk for severe and potentially fatal illness which may present with renal failure, liver failure, pneumonia 3 4 or hemorrhagic diathesis. • Illness begins abruptly with such symptoms as fever (38 to 40 C), headache (over 95% of cases), rigors, myalgia (over 80%), conjunctivitis (30 to 40%), abdominal pain (30%), vomiting (30 to 60%), diarrhea (15 to 30%), cough, muscular (calf) tenderness, pharyngitis (20%) and a pretibial maculopapular rash (fewer than 10%). 5 • Additional findings may include lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly or pancreatitis. • During the acute illness, bacteria can be recovered from or seen in blood, CSF, or tissue using specialized techniques. • Organisms are demonstrated in urine after the 5th to 7th days. Pyuria, hematuria and proteinuria may
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of I...
Kingella infection Infectious Diseases of India - 2010 edition Kingella infection Agent BACTERIUM. Kingella kingae, et al A facultative gram-negative coccobacillus Reservoir Human Vector None Vehicle Endogenous Incubation Period Unknown Diagnostic Tests Culture of blood, joint fluid, CSF, etc. Alert laboratory if these organisms are suspected. Typical Adult Therapy Penicillin G or Penicillin V usually effective - dosage per severity/site Typical Pediatric Therapy As for adult A relatively rare cause of septic arthritis, endocarditis, meningitis and other infections; most Clinical Hints infections have been in young children. Synonyms Clinical Kingella kingae, K. (Suttonella) indologenes, K. denitrificans and K. oralis are found in the normal respiratory tract, and 1 2 occasionally associated with bacteremia, bone and joint infection (notably in young children) and endocarditis (the 'K' in 3 the HACEK group). 4 • Kingella potus has been isolated from a kinkajou wound in a zookeeper. This disease is endemic or potentially
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of I...
by GIDEON Infor... and GIDEON Infor...
Leprosy Infectious Diseases of Indonesia - 2010 edition Leprosy Agent BACTERIUM. Mycobacterium leprae An acid-fast bacillus Reservoir Human ? Armadillo Vector None Vehicle Patient secretions Incubation Period 3y - 5y (range 3m - 40y) Diagnostic Tests Visualization of organisms in exudate, scrapings or biopsy. Nucleic acid amplification. Multibacillary: One year therapy Dapsone 100 mg + Clofazimine 50 mg daily; and, Rifampin 600 mg Typical Adult Therapy + Clofazimine 300 mg once monthly Paucibacillary: Six month therapy Dapsone 100 mg daily; and Rifampin 600 mg once monthly Multibacillary: One year therapy Dapsone 1 to 2 mg/kg + Clofazimine 1 mg/kg daily; and, Rifampin Typical Pediatric Therapy 10 mg/kg + Clofazimine 1 mg/kg once monthly Paucibacillary: Six month therapy Dapsone 1 to 2 mg/kg daily; and Rifampin 10 mg/kg once monthly Anesthetic, circinate hypopigmented skin lesions and thickened peripheral nerves (tuberculoid Clinical Hints leprosy); or diffuse, destructive papulonodular infection (lepromatous leprosy); or
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of I...
by GIDEON Infor... and GIDEON Infor...
Leprosy Infectious Diseases of Indonesia - 2010 edition Leprosy Agent BACTERIUM. Mycobacterium leprae An acid-fast bacillus Reservoir Human ? Armadillo Vector None Vehicle Patient secretions Incubation Period 3y - 5y (range 3m - 40y) Diagnostic Tests Visualization of organisms in exudate, scrapings or biopsy. Nucleic acid amplification. Multibacillary: One year therapy Dapsone 100 mg + Clofazimine 50 mg daily; and, Rifampin 600 mg Typical Adult Therapy + Clofazimine 300 mg once monthly Paucibacillary: Six month therapy Dapsone 100 mg daily; and Rifampin 600 mg once monthly Multibacillary: One year therapy Dapsone 1 to 2 mg/kg + Clofazimine 1 mg/kg daily; and, Rifampin Typical Pediatric Therapy 10 mg/kg + Clofazimine 1 mg/kg once monthly Paucibacillary: Six month therapy Dapsone 1 to 2 mg/kg daily; and Rifampin 10 mg/kg once monthly Anesthetic, circinate hypopigmented skin lesions and thickened peripheral nerves (tuberculoid Clinical Hints leprosy); or diffuse, destructive papulonodular infection (lepromatous leprosy); or
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of I...
Leishmaniasis - cutaneous Infectious Diseases of Iran - 2010 edition Graph: Iran. Leishmaniasis, cases 4,094 cases were reported in Hormozgan during 1994 to 1998 - with rates of 169.8 per 100,000 in 1996 and 59.0 per 100,000 in 1998. Reservoirs: - The great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) 19 20 - The Libyan jird (Meriones libycus) in Isfahan, Fars, Ardestan, the north and east. 21 - Tatera indica (west; Alamarvdasht and Lamerd) and Nesokia indica (in the southwest). - Dogs serve as an additional reservoir in Khuzistan - The long-eared hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritis) in the central region 22 - Meriones hurrianae in Baluchistan. 23 - Rattus norvegicus in southern Fars (Leishmania major) Prevalence surveys: 0.3% of primary school students in Isfahan city (2007 publication) 24 0.92% of school children in Ardestan, central Iran (1998 to 1999) 25 0.2% of primary school children and 0% of stray dogs in Yazd (active infection, 1999
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of I...
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Infectious Diseases of Ireland and Northern Ireland - 2010 edition Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Agent VIRUS - RNA. Arenaviridae, Arenavirus: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Reservoir House mouse Guinea pig Hamster Monkey Vector None Vehicle Urine Saliva Feces Food Dust Incubation Period 8d - 12d (range 6d - 14d) Diagnostic Tests Viral culture (blood, throat, CSF). Serology. Nucleic acid amplification. Biosafety level 3. Typical Adult Therapy Supportive Typical Pediatric Therapy As for adult Headache, myalgia, meningitis and encephalitis; photophobia or pharyngitis may be present; prior Clinical Hints exposure to rodents; infection resolves within 2 weeks, however convalescence may require an additional 2 months. Synonyms Clinical Acute infection: 35% of infections are asymptomatic and 50% are characterized by a nonspecific flu-like illness. • Overt infections are characterized by fever, headache, nausea and systemic symptoms, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. 1 2 • Patients may also exhibit lymphadenopathy and a maculopapular rash (12% to 15% of
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of J...
Leprosy Infectious Diseases of Japan - 2010 edition 1 The major forms of leprosy are as follows: Tuberculoid • one or a few well-demarcated, hypopigmented, and anesthetic skin lesions, frequently with active, spreading edges and a clearing center; peripheral nerve swelling or thickening also may occur. 2 Lepromatous • a number of erythematous papules and nodules or an infiltration of the face (including oral mucosa , hands, and feet with lesions in a bilateral and symmetrical distribution that progress to thickening of the skin. Borderline (dimorphous) • skin lesions characteristic of both the tuberculoid and lepromatous forms. Indeterminate • early lesions, usually hypopigmented macules, without developed tuberculoid or lepromatous features. 3 Relapsing disease may manifest as lymphadenopathy mimicking tuberculosis 4-6 • Relapses may follow effective antimicrobial therapy. 7 The skin lesions of paracoccidioidomycosis may mimic those of tuberculoid leprosy. 8 • Lepromatous leprosy may mimic sarcoidosis. 9 • Lupus vulgaris
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of J...
Lymphogranuloma venereum Infectious Diseases of Jordan - 2010 edition Lymphogranuloma venereum Agent BACTERIUM. Chlamydiaceae, Chlamydiae, Chlamydia trachomatis, types L1, L2, L3 Reservoir Human Vector None Vehicle Sexual contact Incubation Period 7d - 12d (range 3d - 30d) Diagnostic Tests Serology. Culture of pus performed in specialized laboratories. Typical Adult Therapy Doxycycline 100 mg p.o. BID X 3w. OR Erythromycin 500 mg QID X 3w Age = 8 years: Doxycycline 2 mg/kg Typical Pediatric Therapy p.o. BID X 2 to 4w Genital nodule or vesicle with large, suppurating regional nodes; generalized lymphadenopathy or Clinical Hints proctitis may be present; late complications include genital edema, rectal strictures and perianal abscesses. Bubonulus, Durand-Nicolas-Favre disease, Linfogranuloma venereo, Lymphogranuloma inguinale, Lymphopathia venereum, Maladie de Nicolas et Favre, Tropical bubo, Venereal bubo, Venerisk Synonyms lymfogranulom. ICD9: 099.1 ICD10: A55 Clinical Acute illness: The first stage of Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is characterized by a papule or ulcer
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of I...
Malignant otitis externa Infectious Diseases of Israel - 2010 edition Malignant otitis externa Agent BACTERIUM. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: aerobic gram-negative bacillus (virtually all cases) Reservoir Human Vector None Vehicle Endogenous Incubation Period Variable Diagnostic Tests Culture ofotic exudate and biopsy material. Careful roentgenographic and neurological examinations. Early debridement complemented by at least 2 parenteral antibiotics active against Pseudomonas Typical Adult Therapy aeruginosa Typical Pediatric Therapy As for adult Otic pain, swelling and discharge; infection of bony and cartilaginous ear canal; over 80% of patients Clinical Hints are diabetics over age 50; cranial nerve (usually VII) signs in 50%. case-fatality rate > 55%. Synonyms Clinical 1 Severe pain and tenderness in the mastoid area are accompanied by drainage of pus from the external canal. • Involvement of the temporal bone, meninges, venous sinuses, cranial nerves (IX, X, XII) and brain may follow. This disease is endemic or potentially endemic to all countries.
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of K...
Liver abscess - bacterial Infectious Diseases of Kenya - 2010 edition Liver abscess - bacterial BACTERIUM. Various species from portal (Bacteroides, mixed aerobe-anaerobe) or biliary Agent (Escherichia coli, etc) source Reservoir Human Vector None Vehicle Endogenous Incubation Period Variable Ultrasonography, CT or radionucleotide scan. If amoebic abscess suspected, perform Entamoeba Diagnostic Tests serology Typical Adult Therapy Intravenous antibiotic(s) directed at likely or suspected pathogens. Percutaneous or open drainage Typical Pediatric Therapy As for adult Tender liver, and prolonged fever in a patient with history of diverticulosis, cholecystitis, appendicitis, Clinical Hints etc; clinically similar to amoebic abscess, but often multiple. Ascesso fegato, Bacterial liver abscess, Hepatic abscess - bacterial, Liver abscess. Synonyms ICD9: 572.0 ICD10: K75.0 Clinical Symptoms of pyogenic hepatic abscess include fever and rigors of several days' to several weeks' duration. • Dull right upper quadrant pain may be associated with cough and pleuritic pain with radiation to the
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of L...
Lyme disease Infectious Diseases of Latvia - 2010 edition 6 7 • Multiple skin lesions may occur in 20% to 50% of cases. 8 • A nodule in the nipple or ear lobe (borrelial lymphocytoma) may be present, and appears to be more common in Europe. • Acrodermatitis chronicum atrophicans, typically seen on the hands and feet, is also more common in the European variety. 9 • Acropapular dermatitis has also been reported in children with Lyme disease. • Erythema annulare centrifugum is an inflammatory skin disease with incoherent conglomeration of figurate or gyrate 10 erythemas. Lesions associated with borreliosis are positive by PCR 11 Systemic manifestations of Lyme disease: 12-15 • A wide variety of neurological diseases have been associated with advancing Lyme disease. 16-18 • Some patients present with a typical Bell's palsy, which may be bilateral in 25% of cases. 19 • Parsonage-Turner syndrome (acute brachial neuritis
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of L...
Lymphogranuloma venereum Infectious Diseases of Lebanon - 2010 edition Lymphogranuloma venereum Agent BACTERIUM. Chlamydiaceae, Chlamydiae, Chlamydia trachomatis, types L1, L2, L3 Reservoir Human Vector None Vehicle Sexual contact Incubation Period 7d - 12d (range 3d - 30d) Diagnostic Tests Serology. Culture of pus performed in specialized laboratories. Typical Adult Therapy Doxycycline 100 mg p.o. BID X 3w. OR Erythromycin 500 mg QID X 3w Age = 8 years: Doxycycline 2 mg/kg Typical Pediatric Therapy p.o. BID X 2 to 4w Genital nodule or vesicle with large, suppurating regional nodes; generalized lymphadenopathy or Clinical Hints proctitis may be present; late complications include genital edema, rectal strictures and perianal abscesses. Bubonulus, Durand-Nicolas-Favre disease, Linfogranuloma venereo, Lymphogranuloma inguinale, Lymphopathia venereum, Maladie de Nicolas et Favre, Tropical bubo, Venereal bubo, Venerisk Synonyms lymfogranulom. ICD9: 099.1 ICD10: A55 Clinical Acute illness: The first stage of Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is characterized by a papule or ulcer
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of L...
Lyme disease Infectious Diseases of Luxembourg - 2010 edition 6 7 • Multiple skin lesions may occur in 20% to 50% of cases. 8 • A nodule in the nipple or ear lobe (borrelial lymphocytoma) may be present, and appears to be more common in Europe. • Acrodermatitis chronicum atrophicans, typically seen on the hands and feet, is also more common in the European variety. 9 • Acropapular dermatitis has also been reported in children with Lyme disease. • Erythema annulare centrifugum is an inflammatory skin disease with incoherent conglomeration of figurate or gyrate 10 erythemas. Lesions associated with borreliosis are positive by PCR 11 Systemic manifestations of Lyme disease: 12-15 • A wide variety of neurological diseases have been associated with advancing Lyme disease. 16-18 • Some patients present with a typical Bell's palsy, which may be bilateral in 25% of cases. 19 • Parsonage-Turner syndrome (acute brachial neuritis
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of M...
Listeriosis Infectious Diseases of Madagascar - 2010 edition Listeriosis Agent BACTERIUM. Listeria monocytogenes A facultative gram-positive bacillus Reservoir Mammal Human Bird Soil Water Vector None Vehicle Transplacental Dairy products (eg, soft cheeses), Infected secretions Vegetables Poultry Water Incubation Period 3d - 21d (-60d post-ingestion) Diagnostic Tests Culture of blood or CSF. Ampicillin 2g i.v. q6h X 2w (higher dosage in meningitis) + Gentamicin. Sulfamethoxazole/ Typical Adult Therapy trimethoprim recommended for Penicillin-allergic patients Ampicillin 50 mg/kg i.v. Q6h X 2w (higher dosage in meningitis). Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim Typical Pediatric Therapy recommended for Penicillin-allergic patients Meningitis or sepsis, often immune-suppressed patients (lymphoma, AIDS, etc); gastroenteritis - Clinical Hints may follow ingestion of 'over-the-counter' foods; neonatal septicemia occasionally encountered. Listeria monocytogenes, Listeriose, Listeriosi. Synonyms ICD9: 027.0 ICD10: A32 Clinical Major risk factors for invasive Listeriosis reflect T-cell mediated immune compromise, including old age, pregnancy, hematological malignancy, chemotherapy, corticosteroid therapy and anti-TNF-alpha agents 1 Signs of
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of M...
Lyme disease Infectious Diseases of Mexico - 2010 edition 31. Pediatrics 2009 May ;123(5):e835-41. 39. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2008 Jun ;22(2):361-76, viii. 32. J Neuroophthalmol 2005 Jun ;25(2):71-82. 40. South Med J 2008 Jun 14; 33. J Neurol Sci 2010 Aug 15;295(1-2):117-9. 41. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009 May ;15(5):496-8. 34. Jpn J Infect Dis 2008 May ;61(3):214-5. 42. Arch Med Res 1999 Jan-Feb;30(1):64-8. 35. Medicine (Baltimore) 2008 May ;87(3):167-76. 43. Salud Publica Mex 2003 Sep-Oct;45(5):351-5. 36. Clin Rheumatol 2008 Sep 16; 44. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1999 Jan-Mar;41(1):1-3. 37. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1999 Dec 10;111(22-23):976-7. 45. J Wildl Dis 1999 Oct ;35(4):799-803. 38. Clin Infect Dis 2007 Oct 15;45(8):1032-8. 46. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Oct ;13(10):1556-8. © 2010 GIDEON Informatics, Inc. www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. Page 217 of 435
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of M...
Liver abscess - bacterial Infectious Diseases of Mongolia - 2010 edition Liver abscess - bacterial BACTERIUM. Various species from portal (Bacteroides, mixed aerobe-anaerobe) or biliary Agent (Escherichia coli, etc) source Reservoir Human Vector None Vehicle Endogenous Incubation Period Variable Ultrasonography, CT or radionucleotide scan. If amoebic abscess suspected, perform Entamoeba Diagnostic Tests serology Typical Adult Therapy Intravenous antibiotic(s) directed at likely or suspected pathogens. Percutaneous or open drainage Typical Pediatric Therapy As for adult Tender liver, and prolonged fever in a patient with history of diverticulosis, cholecystitis, appendicitis, Clinical Hints etc; clinically similar to amoebic abscess, but often multiple. Ascesso fegato, Bacterial liver abscess, Hepatic abscess - bacterial, Liver abscess. Synonyms ICD9: 572.0 ICD10: K75.0 Clinical Symptoms of pyogenic hepatic abscess include fever and rigors of several days' to several weeks' duration. • Dull right upper quadrant pain may be associated with cough and pleuritic pain with radiation to the
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of t...
Lymphogranuloma venereum Infectious Diseases of the Netherlands - 2010 edition Lymphogranuloma venereum Agent BACTERIUM. Chlamydiaceae, Chlamydiae, Chlamydia trachomatis, types L1, L2, L3 Reservoir Human Vector None Vehicle Sexual contact Incubation Period 7d - 12d (range 3d - 30d) Diagnostic Tests Serology. Culture of pus performed in specialized laboratories. Typical Adult Therapy Doxycycline 100 mg p.o. BID X 3w. OR Erythromycin 500 mg QID X 3w Age = 8 years: Doxycycline 2 mg/kg Typical Pediatric Therapy p.o. BID X 2 to 4w Genital nodule or vesicle with large, suppurating regional nodes; generalized lymphadenopathy or Clinical Hints proctitis may be present; late complications include genital edema, rectal strictures and perianal abscesses. Bubonulus, Durand-Nicolas-Favre disease, Linfogranuloma venereo, Lymphogranuloma inguinale, Lymphopathia venereum, Maladie de Nicolas et Favre, Tropical bubo, Venereal bubo, Venerisk Synonyms lymfogranulom. ICD9: 099.1 ICD10: A55 Clinical Acute illness: The first stage of Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is characterized by a papule or
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of N...
Lyme disease Infectious Diseases of New Zealand - 2010 edition Lyme disease BACTERIUM. Borrelia spp. :Borrelia burgdorferi; B. afzellii and B. garinii are also encountered (in Agent Euroasia) A microaerophilic spirochete Reservoir Tick Deer Rodent Bird Vector Tick (Ixodes, Amblyomma) Vehicle None Incubation Period 7d - 14d (range 2d - 180d) Diagnostic Tests Serology. Nucleic acid amplification. Culture of blood and body fluids available in some laboratories. Doxycycline, Ceftriaxone, Amoxicillin or Cefuroxime Dosage, route and duration according to nature Typical Adult Therapy and severity of disease >= Age 8 years: As for adult =5 cm in diameter or laboratory confirmation of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi and at least one objective sign of musculoskeletal, neurological or cardiovascular disease.' 1 European Union case definition for surveillance: In view of a wider range of clinical and bacteriological presentations, the European Union (EUCALB) definition requires preceding risk of tick exposure in addition to one
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of N...
Lymphogranuloma venereum Infectious Diseases of Nigeria - 2010 edition Lymphogranuloma venereum in Nigeria Seroprevalence surveys: 10 7.3% to 18.3% in Benin City, and 5.3% to 11.5% in Ibadan (1977 publication) Prevalence surveys: 11 24.7% of genital ulcer disease among females in Ibadan (1993 to 1997) References 1. Sex Transm Infect 2002 Apr ;78(2):90-2. 7. Int J STD AIDS 2009 Aug ;20(8):585-6. 2. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999 Oct ;41(4):511-32. 8. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2007 Mar ;9(2):143-50. 3. Med Clin North Am 1998 Sep ;82(5):1081-104, vi. 9. Sex Transm Infect 2009 Jun ;85(3):180-1. 4. Ear Nose Throat J 2008 Aug ;87(8):478-80. 10. Afr J Med Med Sci 1977 Sep ;6(3):125-32. 5. Sex Transm Infect 2007 Jul ;83(4):337-8. 11. Afr J Med Med Sci 2000 Mar ;29(1):17-22. 6. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1999 ;7(4):199-201. © 2010 GIDEON Informatics, Inc. www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. Page 200 of 401
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of O...
Malaria Infectious Diseases of Oman - 2010 edition 1 2 • In Africa, tickborne relapsing fever and rabies are often mis-diagnosed as malaria. The typical malarial paroxysm begins with rigors lasting 1 to 2 hours, followed by high fever. • This is followed by marked diaphoresis and a fall in temperature. • Tertian (fever every other day) fever may occur in infection by P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. ovale; quartan (every third 3 day) fever with P. malariae infection; and daily fever with P. knowlesi infection. 4 5 • P. knowlesi malaria appears to be more severe than P. malariae malaria, with higher rates of parasitemia and fatality. • 'Classical' fever patterns are rarely helpful, and anemia and splenomegaly develop only after several attacks. • Less common findings include anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and hypotension. Complications: 6-8 Complications include pulmonary disease (ARDS), encephalopathy, nephropathy, retinopathy , shock ('algid malaria'), 9
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of P...
Leptospirosis Infectious Diseases of Papua New Guinea - 2010 edition Leptospirosis Agent BACTERIUM. Leptospira interrogans An aerobic non-gram staining spirochete Reservoir Cattle Dog Horse Deer Rodent Fox Marine mammal Cat Marsupial Frog Vector None Vehicle Water Soil urine contact Incubation Period 7d - 12d (range 2d - 26d) Diagnostic Tests Culture on specialized media. Dark field microscopy of urine, CSF. Serology. Typical Adult Therapy Doxycycline 100 mg BID X 5 to 7d Age >= 8y: Doxycycline 2.2 mg/kg BID X 5 to 7d. Age < 8y: i.v. Penicillin G 50,000u/kg q6h X 5 to Typical Pediatric Therapy 7d "Sterile" meningitis, nephritis, hepatitis, myositis and conjunctivitis; often follows recent skin contact Clinical Hints with fresh water in rural or rodent-infested areas; case-fatality rates of 5% to 40% are reported. Andaman hemorrhagic fever, Canefield fever, Canicola fever, Field fever, Fish handler's disease, Fort Bragg fever, Japanese autumnal fever, Leptospira, Leptospirose, Leptospirosen, Leptospirosi,
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of N...
Lyme disease Infectious Diseases of Norway - 2010 edition Lyme disease BACTERIUM. Borrelia spp. :Borrelia burgdorferi; B. afzellii and B. garinii are also encountered (in Agent Euroasia) A microaerophilic spirochete Reservoir Tick Deer Rodent Bird Vector Tick (Ixodes, Amblyomma) Vehicle None Incubation Period 7d - 14d (range 2d - 180d) Diagnostic Tests Serology. Nucleic acid amplification. Culture of blood and body fluids available in some laboratories. Doxycycline, Ceftriaxone, Amoxicillin or Cefuroxime Dosage, route and duration according to nature Typical Adult Therapy and severity of disease >= Age 8 years: As for adult =5 cm in diameter or laboratory confirmation of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi and at least one objective sign of musculoskeletal, neurological or cardiovascular disease.' 1 European Union case definition for surveillance: In view of a wider range of clinical and bacteriological presentations, the European Union (EUCALB) definition requires preceding risk of tick exposure in addition to one or
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of P...
Lobomycosis Infectious Diseases of Peru - 2010 edition Lobomycosis Agent FUNGUS. Lacazia (Loboa) loboi Reservoir Human Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus and Sotalia guianensis) Vector None Vehicle ? Skin trauma Incubation Period 1y - 2y Diagnostic Tests Biopsy. Note: Organism does not grow under laboratory conditions. Typical Adult Therapy Antifungal agents not of proven value; excision as indicated Typical Pediatric Therapy As for adult Spreading skin nodules and regional lymphadenopathy; may follow animal (dolphin) contact; Clinical Hints infestation may persist for decades. Keloidal blastomycosis, Lacazia loboi, Lacaziasis, Lobo's disease, Loboa loboi. Synonyms ICD9: 116.2 ICD10: B48.0 Clinical 1 Small painless nodules develop in the skin, most commonly of the face, legs, arms and ears. • Lesions slowly spread peripherally, with regional lymphadenopathy. • Older skin lesions become verrucous and may ulcerate. • Underlying structures and viscera are not involved. 2 • Disseminated skin disease lasting for several decades has been reported. This
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of t...
Leprosy Infectious Diseases of the Philippines - 2010 edition Leprosy Agent BACTERIUM. Mycobacterium leprae An acid-fast bacillus Reservoir Human ? Armadillo Vector None Vehicle Patient secretions Incubation Period 3y - 5y (range 3m - 40y) Diagnostic Tests Visualization of organisms in exudate, scrapings or biopsy. Nucleic acid amplification. Multibacillary: One year therapy Dapsone 100 mg + Clofazimine 50 mg daily; and, Rifampin 600 mg Typical Adult Therapy + Clofazimine 300 mg once monthly Paucibacillary: Six month therapy Dapsone 100 mg daily; and Rifampin 600 mg once monthly Multibacillary: One year therapy Dapsone 1 to 2 mg/kg + Clofazimine 1 mg/kg daily; and, Rifampin Typical Pediatric Therapy 10 mg/kg + Clofazimine 1 mg/kg once monthly Paucibacillary: Six month therapy Dapsone 1 to 2 mg/kg daily; and Rifampin 10 mg/kg once monthly Anesthetic, circinate hypopigmented skin lesions and thickened peripheral nerves (tuberculoid Clinical Hints leprosy); or diffuse, destructive papulonodular infection (lepromatous leprosy);
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of P...
Lyme disease Infectious Diseases of Poland - 2010 edition Prevalence surveys: 59 1.7% of dogs in Warsaw (2004) 60 22% of Ixodes ricinus ticks in forested areas of Poznan (2003 publication) 33.0% of I. ricinus in Olsztyn district 61 17.7% of I. ricinus in the Bukowa Forest (Szczecin area) (2000 to 2001) 62 16.5% of Ixodes ricinus in Tarnowskie Gory districts (2003 publication) 63 13.1% of I. ricinus in a suburban focus near Lublin, vs. 4.7% for all of Lublin (2009 publication) 64 16.6% of I. ricinus and 1.7% of Culex pipiens mosquitoes in Szczecin (2004 to 2005) 65 12.7% of Ixodes ricinus ticks in eastern Poland (2009 publication) 66 6.2% of I. ricinus in Warsaw (2008 publication) Borrelia afzelii and B. garinii are common among wild tick populations. Seroprevalence surveys: 67 33.0% of persons in a suburban focus near Lublin, vs. 13.7% for all of Lublin (2009 publication) 68
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of P...
Listeriosis Infectious Diseases of Puerto Rico - 2010 edition Graph: Puerto Rico. Listeriosis, cases References 1. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2008 Jul ;10(4):300-6. 17. Echocardiography 2004 Jul ;21(5):423-7. 2. Scand J Infect Dis 2005 ;37(3):190-4. 18. Int J Infect Dis 2004 Mar ;8(2):97-102. 3. Rev Med Chil 2009 Dec ;137(12):1602-6. 19. Scand J Infect Dis 2002 ;34(5):383-4. 4. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003 Apr 1;35(3):173-5. 20. Transpl Infect Dis 1999 Dec ;1(4):284-7. 5. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003 Apr 1;35(3):173-5. 21. Rev Esp Cardiol 2000 Feb ;53(2):300. 6. N Engl J Med 1997 Jan 9;336(2):130-2. 22. Acta Clin Belg 1994 ;49(2):95-8. 7. N Engl J Med 1997 Jan 9;336(2):100-5. 23. Rev Infect Dis 1988 May-Jun;10(3):616-23. 8. Clin Infect Dis 2005 May 1;40(9):1327-32. 24. Scand J Infect Dis 1988 ;20(4):359-68. 9. Infection 2007 Jun ;35(4):212-8. 25. J Infect 2009 Feb ;58(2):161-3. 10. Eur J Intern Med 2008 Jun ;19(4):295-6. 26. Gen
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of S...
Leprosy Infectious Diseases of South Korea - 2010 edition 1 The major forms of leprosy are as follows: Tuberculoid • one or a few well-demarcated, hypopigmented, and anesthetic skin lesions, frequently with active, spreading edges and a clearing center; peripheral nerve swelling or thickening also may occur. 2 Lepromatous • a number of erythematous papules and nodules or an infiltration of the face (including oral mucosa , hands, and feet with lesions in a bilateral and symmetrical distribution that progress to thickening of the skin. Borderline (dimorphous) • skin lesions characteristic of both the tuberculoid and lepromatous forms. Indeterminate • early lesions, usually hypopigmented macules, without developed tuberculoid or lepromatous features. 3 Relapsing disease may manifest as lymphadenopathy mimicking tuberculosis 4-6 • Relapses may follow effective antimicrobial therapy. 7 The skin lesions of paracoccidioidomycosis may mimic those of tuberculoid leprosy. 8 • Lepromatous leprosy may mimic sarcoidosis. 9 • Lupus
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of t...
Lyme disease Infectious Diseases of the Russian Federation - 2010 edition Graph: Russian Federation. Lyme disease, rates per 100,000 in St. Petersburg Notes: 1. 5,661 cases were reported in St. Petersburg during 1985 to 2003; 21 in 2006. 46 81 cases were reported in Pskov region in 2005; 156 in 2006. 47 260 cases were reported in the southern Urals in 2006. Infecting species and Vectors: 48 Borrelia burgdorferi, B. garinii and B. afzelii cause disease in this country. - The principal vectors are Ixodes ricinus in the west and I. persulcatus in the east. - Borrelia (primarily B. garinii) are found in I. persulcatus in three areas of far-eastern Russia: Khabarovsk, Vladivostok and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. 49 - B. garinii and B. afzelii are identified in the Novosibirsk region. - B. garinii and B. afzelii are common in I. persulcatus from St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad. - 11% of Ixodes ricinus and
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of S...
Listeriosis Infectious Diseases of Scotland - 2010 edition Graph: Scotland. Listeriosis - human, laboratory reports Prevalence surveys: 0.3% of ready-to-eat specialty meats in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland (2008) References 1. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2008 Jul ;10(4):300-6. 19. Scand J Infect Dis 2002 ;34(5):383-4. 2. Scand J Infect Dis 2005 ;37(3):190-4. 20. Transpl Infect Dis 1999 Dec ;1(4):284-7. 3. Rev Med Chil 2009 Dec ;137(12):1602-6. 21. Rev Esp Cardiol 2000 Feb ;53(2):300. 4. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003 Apr 1;35(3):173-5. 22. Acta Clin Belg 1994 ;49(2):95-8. 5. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003 Apr 1;35(3):173-5. 23. Rev Infect Dis 1988 May-Jun;10(3):616-23. 6. N Engl J Med 1997 Jan 9;336(2):130-2. 24. Scand J Infect Dis 1988 ;20(4):359-68. 7. N Engl J Med 1997 Jan 9;336(2):100-5. 25. J Infect 2009 Feb ;58(2):161-3. 8. Clin Infect Dis 2005 May 1;40(9):1327-32. 26. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008 Aug ;56(8):417-20. 9. Infection 2007 Jun
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of S...
Leishmaniasis - visceral Infectious Diseases of Saudi Arabia - 2010 edition 7 • Skin lesions with regional adenopathy may suggest a diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. • A chronic rash (Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis = PKDL) resembling leprosy, and involving primarily the extremities 8 and face often appears months to years following infection. 9 • Other rare manifestations include the hemophagocytic syndrome, leukemoid changes or myelodysplasia or pyothorax Laboratory studies reveal pancytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, and only mild hepatic dysfunction. - Intercurrent infections are common notably pneumococcal disease (otitis, pneumonia or septicemia), tuberculosis and measles. The case/fatality rate without treatment is 80% to 90%. This disease is endemic or potentially endemic to 107 countries. Leishmaniasis - visceral in Saudi Arabia Time and Place: - Visceral leishmaniasis is most common along the southwest coast. 10 - A focus has also been identified in Tabuk (North West Province). Graph: Saudi Arabia. Leishmaniasis - visceral,
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of S...
Leptospirosis Infectious Diseases of Singapore - 2010 edition Leptospirosis Agent BACTERIUM. Leptospira interrogans An aerobic non-gram staining spirochete Reservoir Cattle Dog Horse Deer Rodent Fox Marine mammal Cat Marsupial Frog Vector None Vehicle Water Soil urine contact Incubation Period 7d - 12d (range 2d - 26d) Diagnostic Tests Culture on specialized media. Dark field microscopy of urine, CSF. Serology. Typical Adult Therapy Doxycycline 100 mg BID X 5 to 7d Age >= 8y: Doxycycline 2.2 mg/kg BID X 5 to 7d. Age < 8y: i.v. Penicillin G 50,000u/kg q6h X 5 to Typical Pediatric Therapy 7d "Sterile" meningitis, nephritis, hepatitis, myositis and conjunctivitis; often follows recent skin contact Clinical Hints with fresh water in rural or rodent-infested areas; case-fatality rates of 5% to 40% are reported. Andaman hemorrhagic fever, Canefield fever, Canicola fever, Field fever, Fish handler's disease, Fort Bragg fever, Japanese autumnal fever, Leptospira, Leptospirose, Leptospirosen, Leptospirosi, Mud Synonyms
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of S...
Listeriosis Infectious Diseases of South Africa - 2010 edition 36 1977 (publication year) - An outbreak was reported among caprines in the Western Cape region. 37 1977 to 1978 - An outbreak (14 cases, 6 fatal) of listeriosis was reported in Johannesburg. References 1. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2008 Jul ;10(4):300-6. 20. Transpl Infect Dis 1999 Dec ;1(4):284-7. 2. Scand J Infect Dis 2005 ;37(3):190-4. 21. Rev Esp Cardiol 2000 Feb ;53(2):300. 3. Rev Med Chil 2009 Dec ;137(12):1602-6. 22. Acta Clin Belg 1994 ;49(2):95-8. 4. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003 Apr 1;35(3):173-5. 23. Rev Infect Dis 1988 May-Jun;10(3):616-23. 5. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003 Apr 1;35(3):173-5. 24. Scand J Infect Dis 1988 ;20(4):359-68. 6. N Engl J Med 1997 Jan 9;336(2):130-2. 25. J Infect 2009 Feb ;58(2):161-3. 7. N Engl J Med 1997 Jan 9;336(2):100-5. 26. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008 Aug ;56(8):417-20. 8. Clin Infect Dis 2005 May
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of T...
Leishmaniasis - visceral Infectious Diseases of Taiwan - 2010 edition 7 • Skin lesions with regional adenopathy may suggest a diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. • A chronic rash (Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis = PKDL) resembling leprosy, and involving primarily the extremities 8 and face often appears months to years following infection. 9 • Other rare manifestations include the hemophagocytic syndrome, leukemoid changes or myelodysplasia or pyothorax Laboratory studies reveal pancytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, and only mild hepatic dysfunction. - Intercurrent infections are common notably pneumococcal disease (otitis, pneumonia or septicemia), tuberculosis and measles. The case/fatality rate without treatment is 80% to 90%. This disease is endemic or potentially endemic to 107 countries. Although Leishmaniasis - visceral is not endemic to Taiwan, imported, expatriate or other presentations of the disease have been associated with this country. Leishmaniasis - visceral in Taiwan 10 11 Sporadic cases of imported infection are reported. References 1.
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of t...
Lyme disease Infectious Diseases of the United Kingdom - 2010 edition 57 Borrelia burgdorferi is present in 8.6% of Highland ticks (1997) 58 - B. afzelii has also been identified among Highland ticks. References 1. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2008 Jun ;22(2):327-39, vii. 30. Clin Res Cardiol 2010 May 13; 2. Am J Clin Dermatol 2008 ;9(6):355-68. 31. Pediatrics 2009 May ;123(5):e835-41. 3. Eur J Dermatol 2004 Sep-Oct;14(5):296-309. 32. J Neuroophthalmol 2005 Jun ;25(2):71-82. 4. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2002 Jul ;14(4):383-7. 33. J Neurol Sci 2010 Aug 15;295(1-2):117-9. 5. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2008 Sep 15; 34. Jpn J Infect Dis 2008 May ;61(3):214-5. 6. Dermatol Clin 2003 Apr ;21(2):237-44, v. 35. Medicine (Baltimore) 2008 May ;87(3):167-76. 7. Acta Derm Venereol 2007 ;87(5):418-21. 36. Clin Rheumatol 2008 Sep 16; 8. J Laryngol Otol 2009 Dec 11;:1-3. 37. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1999 Dec 10;111(22-23):976-7. 9. Pediatr Dermatol 2009 Sep-Oct;26(5):635-6. 38.
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of T...
Leishmaniasis - visceral Infectious Diseases of Thailand - 2010 edition 7 • Skin lesions with regional adenopathy may suggest a diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. • A chronic rash (Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis = PKDL) resembling leprosy, and involving primarily the extremities 8 and face often appears months to years following infection. 9 • Other rare manifestations include the hemophagocytic syndrome, leukemoid changes or myelodysplasia or pyothorax Laboratory studies reveal pancytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, and only mild hepatic dysfunction. - Intercurrent infections are common notably pneumococcal disease (otitis, pneumonia or septicemia), tuberculosis and measles. The case/fatality rate without treatment is 80% to 90%. This disease is endemic or potentially endemic to 107 countries. Leishmaniasis - visceral in Thailand 10 Imported disease has been reported. 11 The first indigenous case (nonfatal) was reported in 1996, in Surajthani Province (southern Thailand). 12 - Subsequent autochthonous infection was reported in 2007. (Nan Province and Bangkok)
(2010)
Infectious Diseases of t...
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Infectious Diseases of the United States - 2010 edition Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Agent VIRUS - RNA. Arenaviridae, Arenavirus: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Reservoir House mouse Guinea pig Hamster Monkey Vector None Vehicle Urine Saliva Feces Food Dust Incubation Period 8d - 12d (range 6d - 14d) Diagnostic Tests Viral culture (blood, throat, CSF). Serology. Nucleic acid amplification. Biosafety level 3. Typical Adult Therapy Supportive Typical Pediatric Therapy As for adult Headache, myalgia, meningitis and encephalitis; photophobia or pharyngitis may be Clinical Hints present; prior exposure to rodents; infection resolves within 2 weeks, however convalescence may require an additional 2 months. Synonyms Clinical Acute infection: 35% of infections are asymptomatic and 50% are characterized by a nonspecific flu-like illness. • Overt infections are characterized by fever, headache, nausea and systemic symptoms, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. 1 2 • Patients may also exhibit lymphadenopathy and a maculopapular rash (12% to 15% of patients
(2010)
American Hemorrhagic Fev...
Brazilian hemorrhagic fever American Hemorrhagic Fevers: Global Status - 2010 edition Brazil To date, only three cases (one fatal) of Sabia have been described - two of these acquired in laboratories. The first case (fatal) was reported in Sao Paulo, Brazil in 1990 - infection was thought to have originated in a community 1 called 'Sabia.' Nonfatal infection occurred among University personnel in the United States who had been working with a patient specimen 2 from Brazil. 3 Nonfatal secondary infection has occurred among laboratory personnel working with patient specimens. References 1. Lancet 1994 Feb 12;343(8894):391-2. 2. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1997 Jan ;58(1):51-3. 3. N Engl J Med 1995 Aug 3;333(5):294-6. The United States 1 Nonfatal infection occurred among University personnel (Connecticut) working with a patient specimen from Brazil. Also see: American Samoa Guam Puerto Rico Trust Territory Pacific (Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Northern Marianas, Palau) Virgin Islands, U.S.
(2010)
Old-World Spotted Fevers...
Spotted fevers - Old World Old-World Spotted Fevers: Global Status - 2010 edition 68 - As of 2005, two cases of human infection have been reported, acquired in Morocco and South Africa. A distinct Rickettsia species (Bar29 = 'Catalan strain' = Rickettsia massiliae) has been implicated in human infections in 69 70 71 Spain. - Bar29 has been isolated from dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) in Spain and is resistant to rifampin. - Rickettsia massiliae was first identified in ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), collected in France. 72 - The organism was subsequently found in Rhipicephalus sanguineus in Greece and Israel , R. turanicus in Portugal; R. 73 sanguineus in Morocco ; in R. unulatus, R. muhasmae and R. sulcatus in Central African Republic; Rhipicephalus pusillus in Gran Canaria; and in R. muhasmae in Mali. - Rickettsia massiliae has been recovered from a patient in Italy with fever and rash. 74 - Rickettsia
(2010)
AIDS: Global Status 2010...
AIDS AIDS: Global Status - 2010 edition Graph: Kyrgyzstan. AIDS - estimated living with HIV/AIDS, cases Notes: 1. Fewer than 100 persons (0.005% of adults ages 15 to 49) were estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS in December 1997; archive: 20070805.2545 Laos The first case of AIDS was reported in 1991. © 2010 GIDEON Informatics, Inc. www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. Page 348 of 689
(2010)
Angiostrongyliasis: Glob...
Angiostrongyliasis Angiostrongyliasis: Global Status - 2010 edition French Polynesia Approximately 1,000 cases were reported for Tahiti, and 67 for Raiatea during 1957 to 1964. 1 In 1988, a French traveler acquired angiostrongyliasis in Tahiti. 2 - In 1995, a Swiss traveler acquired angiostrongyliasis in Tahiti. 3 - In 1996, a French traveler acquired angiostrongyliasis in Tahiti. 4 - In 2002, a French traveler acquired angiostrongyliasis in Tahiti. 5 6 Raw shrimp paste is an important vehicle in these islands. Notable outbreaks: 7 1961 (publication year) - An outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis was reported on Tahiti. 2008 (publication year) - An outbreak (5 cases) of angiostrongyliasis was reported among French policemen who had 8 worked in French Polynesia. References 1. Arch Fr Pediatr 1988 Jun-Jul;45(6):417-9. 5. Presse Med 1996 Mar 23;25(10):508. 2. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1995 May ;151(5):354-6. 6. N Z Med J 1978 Dec 27;88(626):491-3. 3. Presse Med 1996 Mar
(2010)
Anthrax: Global Status 2...
Anthrax Anthrax: Global Status - 2010 edition 12 2007 - An outbreak (4 cases) of human anthrax was reported in Arhangay Aymag and Hovd Aymag counties. An outbreak (1 fatal) was also reported among a husband and wife in Khovsgol 13 Province. 14 2008 - An outbreak (4 cases) was reported among sheep in Selenge Aimag. 15 2010 - An outbreak (3 cases) was reported among cattle herders in Selenge. References 1. ProMED archive: 20000830.1453 9. ProMED archive: 20050709.1949 2. ProMED archive: 20040721.1983 10. ProMED archive: 20050317.0779 3. ProMED archive: 20060411.1080 11. ProMED archive: 20060823.2381 4. ProMED archive: 20070830.2854 12. ProMED archive: 20070425.1347 5. ProMED archive: 20080429.1475 13. ProMED archive: 20070930.3231 6. ProMED archive: 20080226.0782 14. ProMED archive: 20080226.0782 7. ProMED archive: 20050406.0994 15. ProMED archive: 20100709.2300 8. ProMED archive: 20090220.0713 Montserrat Anthrax does not
(2010)
Miscellaneous Intestinal...
Clostridium difficile colitis Miscellaneous Intestinal Diseases: Global Status - 2010 edition References 1. Euro Surveill 2009 ;14(15) 2. Epidemiol Infect 2009 Feb ;137(2):278-83. 3. Euro Surveill 2009 ;14(16) Finland 4,082 cases were reported in 1997; 6,107 in 2008. During 1996 to 2004, Clostridium difficile-associated disease was the primary diagnosis on hospital discharge, and listed 1 among all diagnoses in 10,958 cases (16 per 100,000 in 1996, and 34 per 100,000 in 2004). - 761 Clostridium difficile-associated deaths were reported during 1996 to 2004. 2 3 The first cases (3) of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 infection in Finland were reported in 2007. References 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2009 May ;15(5):761-5. 2. Euro Surveill 2007 Nov ;12(11):E071108.2. 3. ProMED archive: 20071109.3641 France 277 isolates of C. difficile type 027 were identified in 40 hospitals through active surveillance during 2006 to 2007. Prevalence surveys: 10.5% of infectious diarrhea among pediatric renal
(2010)
Miscellaneous Cestodes: ...
Dipylidiasis Miscellaneous Cestodes: Global Status - 2010 edition Dipylidiasis Epidemiology Agent PARASITE - Platyhelminthes, Cestoda. Cyclophyllidea, Dipylidiidae: Dipylidium caninum Reservoir Dog Cat Vector None Vehicle Flea = Ctenocephalides spp. (by ingestion) Incubation Period 21d - 28d Diagnostic Tests Identification of proglottids in feces. Typical Adult Therapy Praziquantel 10 mg/kg p.o. as single dose OR Niclosamide 2 g p.o. once Typical Pediatric Therapy Praziquantel 10 mg/kg p.o. as single dose OR Niclosamide 50 mg/kg p.o. once Diarrhea, abdominal distention and restlessness (in children); eosinophilia may be observed; Clinical Hints proglottids may migrate out of anus. Cucumber tapeworm, Dipylidium caninum, Dog tapeworm, Double-pored dog tapeworm. Synonyms ICD9: 123.8 ICD10: B71.1 Clinical Most infections with Dipylidium caninum are asymptomatic. 1 • Severe diarrhea, urticaria, fever and eosinophilia are occasionally encountered. • The principal sign (in animals and children) consists of the passage of proglottids on the perianal region, feces, diapers, or occasionally on
(2010)
Australo-Pacific Arbovir...
Ross River disease Australo-Pacific Arboviruses: Global Status - 2010 edition Graph: Australia. Ross River disease, cases in Tasmania Notes: 1. 1999 - Most in Sorell municipality (southeast Tasmania). Vectors: Ross River virus has been isolated from over 30 mosquito species belonging to 6 different genera. - The principal vectors are Ochlerotatus vigilax ("salt marsh mosquito" - in the Top End of the Northern Territory); Aedes camptorhynchus (in the Southwest); Aedes normanensis (subcoastal 16 areas to midway between Tenant Creek and Alice Springs). 17 - Culex annulirostris ("common banded mosquito") is also implicated , throughout the 18 Northern Territory; and Ae. notoscriptus is identified as a potential vector in Brisbane. - Active vectors in coastal areas of Brisbane include Aedes vigilax, Culex annulirostris and Aedes vittiger; while Aedes vigilax, Culex annulirostris, and Aedes notoscriptus predominate in inland 19 areas. - Aedes camptorhynchus is considered the most significant carrier in the Sorell
(2010)
Botulism: Global Status ...
Botulism Botulism: Global Status - 2010 edition 5 5. A case of infant botulism caused by C. butyricum type E toxin has been reported Notable outbreaks: 6 1969 - An outbreak (23 cases, 3 fatal) in type B botulism in Miyazaki was ascribed to imported caviar. 1984 - An outbreak (36 cases, 11 fatal) of type A botulism involving 14 prefectures was ascribed to mustard-stuffed lotus 7 root. 8 1998 - An outbreak (18 cases) of type B botulism in Tokyo was ascribed to bottled olives in brine. References 1. Bull World Health Organ 1956 ;15(1-2):281-98. 5. Pediatr Neurol 2008 Jan ;38(1):55-7. 2. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1996 Oct ;38(5):541-3. 6. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1970 Aug ;23(4):243-8. 3. Pediatrics 2008 Jul ;122(1):e73-82. 7. Epidemiol Infect 1987 Aug ;99(1):167-72. 4. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1994 Feb ;68(2):259-62. 8. ProMED archive: 19980816.1632 Kazakhstan 90 percent of botulism cases in Kazakhstan are associated
(2010)
Less-Common Venereal Dis...
Chancroid Less-Common Venereal Diseases: Global Status - 2010 edition 13. J Infect Dis 1993 May ;167(5):1106-11. 19. J Infect Dis 1995 Aug ;172(2):446-52. 14. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 1992 May 29;41(3):57-61. 20. Clin Infect Dis 1995 Aug ;21(2):409-14. 15. South Med J 1990 Dec ;83(12):1384-9. 21. J Infect Dis 1999 Jun ;179(6):1423-32. 16. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993 Sep ;37(9):1986-8. 22. J Infect Dis 1998 Oct ;178(4):1060-6. 17. Sex Transm Dis 1994 Mar-Apr;21(2 Suppl):S76-80. 23. Sex Transm Dis 1995 Nov-Dec;22(6):385-6. 18. Sex Transm Dis 1995 Jul-Aug;22(4):217-20. 24. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995 Aug 4;44(30):567, 573-4. Vanuatu 1 A case of Haemophilus ducreyi infection in Australia was reported in a woman from Vanuatu (2008 publication) References 1. Australas J Dermatol 2008 May ;49(2):98-9. The U.S. Virgin Islands Graph: Virgin Islands, US. Chancroid, cases Zimbabwe 1 94 cases were reported in Salisbury (Harare) in 1949 (publication year), accounting for 26.0% of STD
(2010)
Chikungunya and Zika: Gl...
Chikungunya Chikungunya and Zika: Global Status - 2010 edition 37. ProMED archive: 20090112.0125 41. ProMED archive: 20090323.1141 38. ProMED archive: 20080720.2198 42. ProMED archive: 20091008.3486 39. ProMED archive: 20080406.1258 43. ProMED archive: 20090418.1477 40. ProMED archive: 20100101.0015 44. ProMED archive: 20100216.0551 Israel 1 Three Israeli travelers acquired chikungunya in northern India in 2006. References 1. J Travel Med 2008 Sep-Oct;15(5):382-4. Italy Seven cases of Chikungunya were documented in persons returning to Italy from endemic countries in the Indian Ocean 1 (2006 publication). 2 - 17 cases of imported infection were identified through active case finding during July to September 2006. 3 - A case of imported infection (from Sri Lanka) was reported in2008. Seroprevalence surveys: 4 10.2% of persons in a village following a local outbreak (2010 publication) 5 6 7 8 Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus, a competent vector, has been confirmed in
(2010)
Cholera: Global Status 2...
Cholera Cholera: Global Status - 2010 edition Notes: 7 1. Historical data from reference Notable outbreaks 8 1858 - An outbreak (30,000 fatal cases) of cholera was reported. 9 1879 - An outbreak was reported on Okinawa. 1977 - An outbreak (110 cases) in Arida City was ascribed to a case imported from the Philippines. 1978 - An outbreak (70 cases) in Ikenohata (Tokyo) was caused by imported Indonesian lobsters. 10 11 1989 - An outbreak (90 cases) was reported in Nagoya. 1991 - An outbreak (21 cases, 1 fatal) in Tokyo was traced to imported Korean clams. 12 2008 - An outbreak (10 cases) was associated with a restaurant in Saitama Prefecture. V. cholerae O139 (2 cases, from India and Nepal) was first reported in 1993. - Four additional cases were reported in 1994 (from India and China) and 1 in 1997 (from Nepal). References 1. Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi
(2010)
Hepatobiliary Trematodes...
Fascioliasis Hepatobiliary Trematodes: Global Status - 2010 edition References 1. Eur J Epidemiol 1997 Jan ;13(1):99-101. Hungary 1 Several large outbreaks were reported in 1959 and in 1970 following heavy summer rainfall. The local reservoir is Lymnaea (Fossaria) truncatula. References 1. Wiad Parazytol 1968 ;14(5):495-6. India Time and Place: - A single case (1980) was published in the world's literature during 1969 to 1989. 1 2 - Subsequent cases were reported in upper Assam (published in 1997) , and Uttar Pradesh (published in 2001). 3 4 - Fascioliasis is common among dairy animals in the northwest Himalayan region and the Kashmir valley - In the latter area, sheep harbor both Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. 5 6 - F. gigantica has also been identified in Indian buffalos (Bos bubalis). Prevalence surveys: 7 10.79% of cattle, 13.90% of buffaloes, 2.78% of sheep and 2.35% of goats (Northern India, 2001 to 2004)
(2010)
Cryptosporidiosis: Globa...
Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidiosis: Global Status - 2010 edition 4 33.2% of weaned piglets in Kanagawa Prefecture during 1998 to 2000. 5 Cryptosporidium canis has been identified in dogs. Notable outbreaks: 6 1994 - An outbreak (461 cases) was reported in Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa Prefecture. 1996 - An outbreak was reported in Ogose Town, Saitama Prefecture - 8,812 cases (70% of the population) were 7 8 9 affected, with 24 hospitalized and no fatalities. 2002 - Outbreaks (100 cases in three outbreaks) were reported, including two outbreaks among student groups traveling to the Iburi area, Hokkaido; d one among students in contact with calves. 10 2004 - An outbreak (288 cases) was associated with swimming at a camping facility in Nagano Prefecture. 11 2005 (publication year) - An outbreak was reported in a sports center in Chiba Prefecture. 2006 - An outbreak (4 cases) was associated with "Yukke: Korean-style beef tartar" and
(2010)
Dengue: Global Status 20...
Dengue Dengue: Global Status - 2010 edition Graph: Japan. DHF, cases Vectors: - During the 1990's, Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus spread through northern Honshu (to Sendai, Ishonomaki, Shiogama, Furukawa, Sakata, Honjou and Yonezawa). 8 - The range of S. albopictus in Japan extends to 38 degrees to 40 degrees north. Notable outbreaks: 9 1931 - An outbreak (468 deaths) of dengue was reported on Okinawa. 10 1942 to 1945 - Outbreaks of dengue were reported on the Japanese mainland. References 1. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009 Apr ;22(2):186-201, Table of Contents. 6. J Travel Med 2008 Jan-Feb;15(1):46-9. 2. J Trop Med Hyg 1953 Apr ;56(4):83. 7. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Mar 13;84(11-12):85-8. 3. Jpn J Infect Dis 1999 Dec ;52(6):257-9. 8. J Med Entomol 2002 Jan ;39(1):4-11. 4. Travel Med Infect Dis 2008 Nov ;6(6):349-54. 9. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009 Apr ;22(2):186-201, Table of Contents. 5. Nepal Med Coll J 2004 Dec
(2010)
Less-Common Nematodes: G...
Gongylonemiasis Less-Common Nematodes: Global Status - 2010 edition South Africa 1 Natural infection of impala by Gongylonema pulchrum has been reported. References 1. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1978 Dec ;45(4):221-8. Spain 1 A case of human infection has been reported in Granada. 2 Gongylonema pulchrum is found in wild boar. Also see: Canary Islands References 1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988 Mar ;38(2):363-5. 2. Vet Parasitol 2003 Aug 14;115(4):335-41. Thailand Prevalence surveys: 1 0.37% of stool samples in rural Surin Province (2000); 0.14% of stool samples in Khwao Sinarin sub-district (2004) References 1. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2008 Jul ;102(5):455-7. The United States 1 2 Eleven cases of human infection were reported in the United States to 2001 - most acquired in the southeast. Reservoirs: 3 - Axis deer (Cervus axis) and wild swine (Sus scrofa) from Molokai, Hawaii 4 - Wild swine in Cumberland, Georgia; black bears (Urusus
(2010)
Diphtheria: Global Statu...
Diphtheria Diphtheria: Global Status - 2010 edition References 1. Emerg Infect Dis 1999 Sep-Oct;5(5):694-700. 2. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2003 Mar 1;147(9):403-6. 3. ProMED archive: 20020203.3477 The Netherlands Antilles Vaccine Schedule: - Primary immunization on St. Maarten includes three doses of DTP-HiB-IPV; two doses of HepB; and 1 dose of MMR - MMR is administered at ages 14 months and 9 years. - DTP is administered at ages 2, 3, 4 and 11 months. Vaccination coverage on St. Maarten (complete primary series) was 76% in 2008. WHO-UNICEF est. vaccine (DTP3) coverage is 85%. No cases were reported between 1995 and 2007 New Caledonia Routine immunization (DTP) is administered at 2, 3, 4 and 16 months. - DT is administered at 6, 11 and 16 years. Graph: New Caledonia. Diphtheria - WHO-UNICEF est. vaccine (DTP3 %) coverage © 2010 GIDEON Informatics, Inc. www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. Page 191 of 298
(2010)
Dracunculiasis: Global S...
Dracunculiasis Dracunculiasis: Global Status - 2010 edition References 1. BMJ 2000 Mar 11;320(7236):668. 2. Bull World Health Organ 1969 Apr ;40(4):521-9. 3. J Commun Dis 1991 Mar ;23(1):22-8. Iran 1 The last cases of dracunculiasis were reported during the mid-1970's. References 1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1973 May ;22(3):343-7. Israel Autochthonous disease does not occur. 1 2 Several cases were diagnosed among Yemenite immigrants during 1948 to 1950. References 1. Dermatologica 1954 Feb ;108(2):129-36. 2. Harefuah 1950 Oct 15;39(7-8):77-80. Ivory Coast Peak transmission of dracunculiasis occurs during January to June through most areas (but May to December in Bouna district). Graph: Ivory Coast. Dracunculiasis, cases Notes: Individual years: 1997 - Over 75% from Bondoukou, Bouafle and Seguela sanitary districts, and included 7 1 imported cases. 2000 - 60% of the cases were reported from Gouna, Tanda and Mbahiakro; 14% from a single village in Divo; and 10.5% from Seguela,
(2010)
Equine encephalitis: Glo...
Venezuelan equine encephalitis Equine encephalitis: Global Status - 2010 edition Venezuelan equine encephalitis Epidemiology Agent VIRUS - RNA. Togaviridae, Alphavirus: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus Reservoir Rodent Horse Mosquito - Culex [Melanoconion] spp, Aedes taeniorhynchus, Psorophora confinnis, Anopheles Vector aquasalis) Vehicle None Incubation Period 2d - 5d (range 1d - 6d) Diagnostic Tests Viral culture (throat, blood, brain tissue). Serology. Nucleic acid amplification. Biosafety level 3. Typical Adult Therapy Supportive Typical Pediatric Therapy As for adult Vaccine Western equine encephalitis Fever, myalgia, arthralgia, vomiting, conjunctivitis and encephalitis; encephalitis more common and Clinical Hints more severe among children; case-fatality rate = 20%. Everglades, Peste loca, Tonate. Synonyms ICD9: 066.2 ICD10: A92.2 Clinical 1 Clinical features of eastern encephalitis (EEE) , western equine encephalitis (WEE) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis 2 3 (VEE) are similar, and will be discussed as a group. EEE and WEE infections begin with headache, high fever, chills and vomiting.
(2010)
Ebola: Global Status 201...
Ebola Ebola: Global Status - 2010 edition 147-149 illness was reported. Reservoirs: 150 151 - It has been estimated that 5,500 gorillas died of Ebola in Congo and Gabon during the outbreaks of 2002 to 2003. - 12.9% of wild-born chimpanzees in central Africa are seropositive toward Zaire subtype Ebola virus (Cameroon, Gabon and Republic of Congo, 1985 to 2000). - Seropositive drills, baboon, mandrill and Cercopithecus have also been identified. 152 - Asymptomatic, natural infection of dogs has been documented. 153 - The virus has also been identified in rodents and shrews. - Ebola virus may survive can survive for long periods in different liquid media and can also be recovered from plastic and 154 glass surfaces at low temperatures for over 3 weeks. - Three species of bats (suborder Megachiroptera) have been found to be asymptomatically and naturally infected: 155 Hypsignathus monstrosus (hammer-headed fruit beats) , Epomops franqueti
(2010)
Echinococcosis: Global S...
Echinococcosis - unilocular Echinococcosis: Global Status - 2010 edition Prevalence surveys: 2.9% of cats in Baden-Wurttemberg (1989) 3 3.4% of cats in Thuringia (1992) References 1. Euro Surveill 2009 ;14(22) 2. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2003 ;115 Suppl 3:61-7. 3. Angew Parasitol 1992 Nov ;33(4):193-204. Greece Graph: Greece. Echinococcosis - unilocular, cases Notes: 1 1. The rate of surgery for echinococcosis in Greece was 12.9 per 100,000 per year during the 1970's. 2 2. 3,379 hospitalized cases were reported during 1969 to 1971 (7.89 per 100,000). 3 3. 4,566 hospitalized cases were reported during 1969 to 1975 - including 534 ages 0 to 18 years. 4 150 pediatric cases were reported from a single institution in Athens (1985 to 2006) Prevalence surveys: 5 0.33% of persons in rural Trikala (abdominal ultrasound, 2001 to 2008) 82% of cattle in 1984; 56.6% in 1994; 0% in 1998. 80% of sheep in 1984; 100%
(2010)
Miscellaneous Intestinal...
Gastrodiscoidiasis Miscellaneous Intestinal Trematodes: Global Status - 2010 edition Gastrodiscoidiasis Epidemiology Agent PARASITE - Platyhelminthes, Trematoda. Echinostomatida, Zygocotylidae: Gastrodiscoides hominis Reservoir Pig Herbivore Snail (Helicorbis coenosis) Vector None Vehicle Fresh-water plants Incubation Period Unknown Diagnostic Tests Identification of ova or adult parasite in stool. Typical Adult Therapy Praziquantel 25 mg/kg TID X 1d (experimental) Typical Pediatric Therapy As for adult Clinical Hints Diarrhea; may be history of ingesting raw water plants. Fischoederius, Gastrodisciasis, Gastrodiscoides hominis, Watsonius. Synonyms ICD9: 121.8 ICD10: B66.8 Clinical 1 Human infection is usually asymptomatic, or at most limited to diarrhea. References 1. West Afr J Med 2004 Apr-Jun;23(2):185-6. This disease is endemic or potentially endemic to 11 countries. The World Gastrodiscoides hominis is found primarily in Malaysia, India, the former U.S.S.R., Pakistan, Myanmar, Viet Nam and the 1 Philippines. The natural reservoirs are pigs, deer and man and man acquires the disease through ingestion of metacercariae
(2010)
Non-Venereal Treponemato...
Yaws Non-Venereal Treponematoses: Global Status - 2010 edition Gambia Yaws is endemic to all areas of Gambia. Graph: Gambia. Yaws, cases Notes: 1 1. Historical data from reference References 1. Bull World Health Organ 1953 ;8(1-3):129-82; discussion 205-10. Ghana Time and Place: Previously, yaws was endemic to the central, northeastern and northwestern regions. 1 - 4,323 cases were reported in Eastern Dagomba in 1944; 13,620 in 1945, 16,407 in 1946; 5,459 in 1947. - During 1947 to 1948, 7,755 cases were reported in Ashanti and South, and 23,533 in Northern Territories. - Following an active case finding and treatment campaign, prevalence rates in Ashanti, Eastern and Central Regions were 2 3 4 reduced from 703 per 100,000 in 1980, to 53 per 100,000 in 1981. © 2010 GIDEON Informatics, Inc. www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. Page 33 of 66
(2010)
Bancroftian Filariasis: ...
Global Status 2010 edition
Filariasis - Bancroftian Bancroftian Filariasis: Global Status - 2010 edition - The disease is found in scattered urban foci, mainly in the north and Gulf of La Gonave. 1 - Infection is found in 117 of the country's 133 communes, with highest rates in the north (2001). - 1,262,896 persons were considered at risk as of 2007; 3,073,828 as of 2008. 2 - Filariasis has been identified among Haitian refugees in Florida. Prevalence surveys: 3 Carriage rates of 20% have been documented in coastal cities, including Leogane , Petit-Goave, Arachaie and Limbe. 16.1% of school children in Leogane Commune (1999) 4 2.9% in Corail Lemaire and 38.2% in Dampus (2010 publication) 5 7.3% of school children nationwide (2001) The nationwide disease prevalence is estimated at 2.85%. Seroprevalence surveys: 6 14.3% to 19.7% of children ages 2 to 4 years (2010 publication) Mass treatment was administered to 105,750 persons in 4
(2010)
Viral Gastroenteritis: G...
Gastroenteritis - viral Viral Gastroenteritis: Global Status - 2010 edition 1 1995 - An outbreak (126 cases) of small round-structured virus (SRSV) infection was reported at a private school. 2 2008 - An outbreak (44 cases) of Norovirus infection was reported in a nursing home. References 1. Euro Surveill 1996 Mar ;1(3):17-19. 2. Euro Surveill 2009 ;14(4) Mexico Prevalence surveys: Human Astroviruses were found in 4.6% of children with diarrhea and 2.6% of asymptomatic controls (1994 to 1995 - Mexico City, San Luis Potosi, Tlaxcala, Merida and Monterrey). Human Astroviruses were found in 6.3% of stool samples from children below age 18 months, with diarrhea (Mexico City, 1 2001 publication) 2 Adenoviruses were found in 1.9% of children ages 0 to 2 years with watery diarrhea (Yucatan, 1991). 3 Adenoviruses were found in 12% of children hospitalized for diarrhea (Yucatan, 1986) 4 Norovirus was found in 29.8% of asymptomatic childrean
(2010)
Giardiasis: Global Statu...
Giardiasis Giardiasis: Global Status - 2010 edition References 1. Saudi Med J 2004 Jan ;25(1):34-7. 3. J Med Liban 1996 ;44(3):129-33. 2. East Mediterr Health J 2004 May ;10(3):343-8. 4. East Mediterr Health J 2008 Nov-Dec;14(6):1425-34. Lesotho Prevalence surveys: 17.3% of children in Masera District (1984) 1 19% of Basotho school children (1987 publication) 2 23.6% of rural preschool children (1984) References 1. Acta Paediatr Scand 1987 Jan ;76(1):60-5. 2. Int J Epidemiol 1989 Mar ;18(1):248-53. Libya Prevalence surveys: 1 1.2% of childhood diarrhea in Zlitin (2000 to 2001) 2 2% of stool specimens from primary school children. (Derna District, 2007 publication) 3 12.7% of stool specimens from primary school children. (Derna District, 2007 publication) 4 10.3% of children admitted to hospital (Sirt, 2001 to 2002) 5 2.5% of stool samples examined in Nalout Popularity (2008 publication) References 1. Saudi Med J 2005 Nov ;26(11):1759-65. 4. J Egypt Soc Parasitol
(2010)
Melioidosis and Glanders...
Melioidosis Melioidosis and Glanders: Global Status - 2010 edition 33 2004 - A Swedish tourist developed melioidosis following travel to Thailand. 34 35 2004 - Melioidosis was confirmed in an Italian tourist , a Swedish tourist. and three Finnish tourists following tsunami- 36 37 related injuries in the Far East. 38 2004 to 2005 - Two cases of imported infection from Madagascar were reported in Reunion. 39 2005 - Two cases imported from Honduras were reported in the United States. 40 2005 - A case in Nepal had been imported from Malaysia. 41 2005 - A French expatriate acquired melioidosis in Gabon 42 2006 - 38% of American Marines acquired seropositivity toward melioidosis following a two-week stay in Thailand. 43 44 2007 (publication year) - Melioidosis was reported in a Belgian traveler who had returned from Bangladesh. 45 46 2008 - Melioidosis was diagnosed in a Thai worker in Israel.
(2010)
Gonococcal infection: Gl...
Gonococcal infection Gonococcal infection: Global Status - 2010 edition Graph: Malaysia. Gonorrhea, % of isolates resistant to fluoroquinolones Notes: 15 1. During 2002 to 2005, 41.2% of isolates in Kuala Lumpur were ciprofloxacin-resistant. Prevalence surveys: 0.5% of the general population above age 15 are infected (estimated, 1990's) 16 0.5% of pregnant women (1981 publication) 17 2.8% of STD clinic patients with genital ulcer disease (1991 publication) 18 8.5% of female drug abusers (1993 publication) 19 14.25% of female CSW (1990 publication) 20 0.54% of pregnant women (1981 publication) References 1. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1996 Oct 11;71(41):309-11. 11. Commun Dis Intell 2006 ;30(1):129-32. 2. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1997 Jan 31;72(5):25-7. 12. Commun Dis Intell 2008 Mar ;32(1):48-51. 3. Commun Dis Intell 1997 Dec 25;21(23):349-53. 13. Commun Dis Intell 2010 Mar ;34(1):1-7. 4. Commun Dis Intell 1998 Dec 24;22(13):288-91. 14. Int J STD AIDS 2006 Oct ;17(10):710-1. 5. Commun Dis Intell 2000
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