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OECD Employment Outlook 2009
Tackling the Jobs Crisis
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- Table of Contents
- Editorial: Preventing the Jobs Crisis from Casting a Long Shadow
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Chapter 1. The Jobs Crisis: What Are the Implications for Employment and Social Policy?
- Introduction
- + Main findings
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Part A. The Labour Market Impact of the Crisis
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1. Labour market impact of the crisis in historical context
- + 1.1. The impact of the downturn on labour market conditions: how bad is it?
- + 1.2. The jobs impact of fiscal stimulus packages
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1.3. Implications of a sharp economic downturn for job losers: three provisional lessons from recent history
- Figure 1.5. Simulated impact of macroeconomic conditions on hiring and separation rates
- Figure 1.6. Simulated impact of macroeconomic conditions on job vacancy rates
- Figure 1.7. Severe recessions generate sharp increases in unemployment which are long-lasting and often not reversed completely in recoveries
- 1.4. Specific features of this downturn as regards its impact on labour markets26
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2. Uneven impact of recessions on the labour market across workforce groups
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2.1. The cyclical sensitivity of total hours worked to the business cycle across workforce groups
- Figure 1.8. Business-cycle sensitivity of total hours worked by industry
- Box 1.1. Immigrants in the downturn
- Figure 1.9. Business-cycle sensitivity of total hours worked by workforce group
- Table 1.2. Workforce characteristics interact to influence the business-cycle sensitivity of total hours worked
- + 2.2. The role of different adjustment margins in accommodating cyclical changes in labour demand
- + 2.3. The nature of cyclical unemployment
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2.1. The cyclical sensitivity of total hours worked to the business cycle across workforce groups
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1. Labour market impact of the crisis in historical context
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Part B. The Employment and Social Policy Response to the Jobs Crisis
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3. Overview of national labour market programmes and their responsiveness to recessions
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3.1. Overview of national labour market programmes
- Figure 1.12. Passive and active labour market programmes in OECD countries, 2007
- Figure 1.13. Passive and active spending on labour market programmes in three groupings of OECD countries according to labour market performance, policies and institutions, 2007
- Figure 1.14. Evolution of passive and active spending on labour market programmes since 1985
- + 3.2. Historical patterns in the cyclicality of programme expenditures
- + 3.3. Early responses to the jobs crisis
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3.1. Overview of national labour market programmes
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4. Making the most of income-support policies in a downturn
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5. Making the most of policies to help the unemployed back into work in a downturn
- 5.1. Activation when labour market slack is high
- + 5.2. Does short-time working represent a good way to reduce job losses?
- + 5.3. An expanded role for using job subsidies to stimulate new hiring?
- 5.4. Public-sector direct job creation: a back-stop to keep activation credible?
- 5.5. Should training be expanded to make productive use of the increased time spent out of work?
- 5.6. Lessons for policy
- + 6. Reconciling measures to reduce the social costs of economic downturns with the need to support high labour supply in the long run
- Conclusions
- Notes
- Bibliography
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3. Overview of national labour market programmes and their responsiveness to recessions
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Chapter 2. How Do Industry, Firm and Worker Characteristics Shape Job and Worker Flows?
- Introduction
- Main findings
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1. Job and worker flows in the business sector: how do they vary across countries and industries?
- Box 2.1. Definitions and accounting identities
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1.1. Job and worker flows at the industry level
- Figure 2.1. Job and worker reallocation rates vary by industry
- + Box 2.2. Comparing worker and job flows: churning flows
- Table 2.1. Both country and industry characteristics appear to influence job and worker reallocation rates
- Figure 2.2. There are significant cross-country differences in job and worker reallocation rates across all industries
- Box 2.3. Empirical evidence on the link between employment protection and job flows
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1.2. Looking inside job and worker reallocation
- Figure 2.3. Job creation and destruction are positively correlated, as are hirings and separations
- Table 2.2. Both country and industry characteristics influence the creation and destruction of jobs and job-matches
- Figure 2.4. Job creation and destruction are two sides of the same coin, as are hirings and separations
- + 1.3. Dismissals
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2. Labour market flows through the lenses of firms: which firms create and destroy more jobs?
- + 2.1. Entry, exit and continuers
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2.2. Job creation and destruction conditional on firm survival: the role of firm age and size
- Table 2.3. Firm age and countries play the most important roles in shaping job-flow patterns among continuers
- Figure 2.8. Job creation declines with firm age in medium and large continuing firms, but no such pattern is found for job destruction
- Box 2.4. Firm-level analysis of job flows
- Figure 2.9. The correlation between job creation and destruction rates across groups of firms is generally negative
- + 2.3. Gross job reallocation and productivity
- + 3. Labour flows as a source of opportunities and costs for workers: which are the workers affected by greater mobility?
- Conclusions
- Notes
- Bibliography
- + Annex 2.A1. Sources and Definitions
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Chapter 3.
Is Work the Best Antidote to Poverty?
- Introduction
- Main findings
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1. Taking the measure of in-work poverty
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1.1. Alternative measures of poverty
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1.2. Poverty among the working-age population: good labour market performance helps to reduce poverty risk, but does not solve all problems
- Figure 3.2. Poverty in OECD countries
- Figure 3.3. Poverty rates among the working-age population for various types of households, mid-2000s
- Figure 3.4. Cross-country differences in poverty rates among households of working age
- Table 3.1. Correlation coefficients between poverty rates and employment rates
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1.3. In-work poverty risk is significant in virtually all countries
- Figure 3.5. In-work poverty in OECD countries
- Figure 3.6. In-work poverty risk varies strongly according to family composition
- Figure 3.7. Average time spent at work over the year and corresponding rates of in-work poverty, 2006
- Figure 3.8. Work participation at the extensive and intensive margins and in-work poverty rates, 2006
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1.1. Alternative measures of poverty
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2. Alleviating in-work poverty
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2.1. Social transfers: a key component of policy packages to fight poverty
- Figure 3.9. By how much do net social transfers reduce poverty?
- Figure 3.10. How much do social transfers affect cross-country differences in poverty rates?
- Table 3.2. Correlation coefficients between employment rates and poverty rates among the working-age population, before and after social transfers
- Box 3.2. OECD tax and benefit models
- Figure 3.11. Total amounts of net social transfers granted to households with low-wage workers, 2006
- Figure 3.12. Average effective tax rates for households with low earnings potentials, 2006
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2.2. In-work benefit schemes can be an effective tool to fight in-work poverty
- + 2.3. Minimum wages alone are not the best instrument to fight in-work poverty, but they may constitute a useful complement to IWBs
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2.1. Social transfers: a key component of policy packages to fight poverty
- Conclusions
- Notes
- Bibliography
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Annex 3.A1. Figures and Tables
- Figure 3.A1.1. Underemployment at the extensive margin and in-work poverty rates, mid-2000s
- Figure 3.A1.2. Sensitivity of in-work poverty rates to the work criteria retained to identify the working population, 2006
- Figure 3.A1.3. By how much do social transfers reduce poverty?
- Figure 3.A1.4. Net incomes of households with a low earnings potential, 2006
- Table 3.A1.1. Low-income thresholds used in the analysis
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Chapter 4. Pathways onto (and off) Disability Benefits: Assessing the Role of Policy and Individual Circumstances
- Introduction
- Main findings
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1. Disability benefit trends: evolution and recipients’ characteristics
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1.1. Disability trends
- Figure 4.1. Trends in disability benefit recipiency rates in OECD countries, 1990-2007
- Figure 4.2. Change in disability benefit recipiency rates by age groups in OECD countries, 1990-2007
- Figure 4.3. Disability benefit inflows due to mental health problems have increased greatly and are most common at younger ages, 1990-2007
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1.2. Who are the disability benefit recipients?
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1.1. Disability trends
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2. Individual and work characteristics determining labour market status
- + 3. Pathways into and out of disability benefits
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4. How have countries responded in the area of disability policy?
- Conclusions
- Notes
- Bibliography
- + Annex 4A1. Analysis of the Effects of Health on Labour Force Status
- Annex 4.A2. Disability Policy Indicator
- Annex 4. A3. The Effect of Disability Policy on Disability Rates
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Statistical Annex
- Major breaks in series
- Table A. Standardised unemployment rates in OECD countries
- Table B. Employment/population ratios, activity and unemployment rates
- Table C. Employment/population ratios, activity and unemployment rates by selected age groups
- Table D. Employment/population ratios, activity and unemployment rates by educational attainment, 2007
- Table E. Incidence and composition of part-time employment
- Table F. Average annual hours actually worked per person in employment
- Table G. Incidence of long-term unemployment
- Table H. Earnings dispersion, gender wage gapban incidence of low pay
- Table I. Average annual wages in the total economy
- Table J. Public expenditure and participant stocks in labour market programmes in OECD countries
- OECD Publications on Employment and Related Topics
- + Key Employment Statistics
Die Arbeitslosigkeit ist in der gegenwärtigen Rezession in Deutschland bislang weniger stark gestiegen als zunächst befürchtet. Trotz erster Anzeichen einer wirtschaftlichen Erholung in Deutschland, geht OECD Employment Outlook allerdings davon aus, dass der Aufschwung zu zaghaft verlaufen wird, um für einen starken Anstieg bei der Beschäftigung zu sorgen.
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Book Details
Editors
Categories
Business & Economics > International > Economics
Publishers
Publication year : 2009
License: All rights reserved ©
Times read: 68
