With landfill at the bottom of the European waste hierarchy, policies to divert waste from landfill play a very important role within European and national waste policies. This report analyses the effectiveness of implemented policies on the diversion of total municipal waste and biodegradable municipal waste from landfill in the context of the 1999 EU Landfill Directive and other relevant directives. The study is based on an in-depth evaluation of policies in five countries and one region of the EU, combined with an analysis of drivers of the generation, landfilling and incineration of municipal waste for 25 EU Member States.