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OECD Regional Outlook 2011
Building Resilient Regions for Stronger Economies
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- Foreword
- Acknowledgements
- Table of Contents
- Acronyms and Abbreviations
- List of TL2 Regions
- Preface
- Executive Summary
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Part I. Key Regional Trends and Policies
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Chapter 1. Regional Growth: Disparities and Opportunities
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- + The OECD growth problem, a new development model and the role of regional policy
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How regions contribute to national and OECD-wide growth and employment
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Opportunities for growth are observed in all types of OECD regions
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- Figure 1.4. A large variation of regional growth profiles, 1995-2007
- Box 1.2. Defining sub-national units: What is a region?
- Figure 1.5. Convergence patterns across rural regions, 1995-2007
- Figure 1.6. Convergence patterns across intermediate regions, 1995-2007
- Figure 1.7. Both convergence and divergence patterns for urban regions, 1995-2007
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The contributions of regions to national growth exhibit striking regularity
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- Box 1.3. Policy implications of growth contributions that follow a scale-free power law
- Figure 1.8. Contributions of countries and regions to growth, 1995-2007
- Figure 1.9. Contributions of TL2 regions to OECD growth, 1995-2007
- + Box 1.4. Contributions to aggregate growth: Size and growth effects
- Figure 1.10. Comparison of contributions of countries and TL2 regions to OECD growth, 1995-2005
- Figure 1.11. Contributions to aggregate OECD growth by TL3 regions, 1995-2005
- Table 1.1. Contributions to growth in four groups of OECD TL3 regions
- + Regional contributions to employment are also concentrated
- + These facts support the rationale for a differentiated policy approach
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Opportunities for growth are observed in all types of OECD regions
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Ageing and migration: Long-term forces that shape regional labour resources
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- + Population ageing will affect regions in very different ways
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Internal migration flows redistribute human capital across regions
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- Figure 1.15. Young immigrants in large urban regions as a % of young immigrants by country, 1996 and 2008
- Figure 1.16. Regional characteristics by degree of persistent loss of population, 1996-2008
- Table 1.2. Determinants of net-migration among OECD TL3 regions, 1996-2008
- Table 1.3. GDP per capita and net interregional migration, 1996-2008
- + International migration flows are strongly related to local and regional factors
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Conclusion
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Notes
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Bibliography
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Annex 1.A1. Evidence on Different Regional Growth Regimes
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Chapter 2. Regional Responses to the Jobs Crisis
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The employment challenge in regional labour markets
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The employment impact of the crisis is significant and lasting
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National and regional labour-market responses have varied widely
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Figure 2.1. Countries ranked by size of difference in regional employment growth rates, 1999-2009
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Figure 2.2. “Job gaps”: Estimated number of jobs needed to restore 2007 employment rates
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Figure 2.1. Countries ranked by size of difference in regional employment growth rates, 1999-2009
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Labour-market outcomes seem to be linked to pre-crisis policies and performance
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Labour markets in many regions are unlikely to recover quickly
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The employment impact of the crisis is significant and lasting
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Area-based strategies to exit the crisis and create jobs that last
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Area-based labour-market policy responses have played a role in the crisis recovery
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Setting the stage for better jobs in the recovery: How to put in place jobs that last
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Table 2.1. Objectives and actions within balanced local skills strategies
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Figure 2.4. Moving from a low- to high-skills equilibrium
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Figure 2.5. Balancing strategic priorities regarding the supply and demand of skills
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Box 2.3. The six strands of local policy flexibility
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Figure 2.6. Flexibility in the management of labour-market policy at sub-regional level in 25 OECD countries, 2007-08
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Table 2.1. Objectives and actions within balanced local skills strategies
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Regional governments should consider certain issues
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Area-based labour-market policy responses have played a role in the crisis recovery
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Notes
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Bibliography
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The employment challenge in regional labour markets
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Chapter 3. Dealing with Sub-National Finances under Strain
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Increased financial strains on sub-national governments
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There’s been a trend towards fiscal decentralisation in the last two decades
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Figure 3.1. Total expenditure by level of government, 2008
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Figure 3.2. Sub-national governments as a share of total public investment, 2009
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Figure 3.3. Sub-national tax revenues in % of GDP, 2009
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Figure 3.4. Education expenditure by level of government, 2008
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Figure 3.1. Total expenditure by level of government, 2008
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The crisis has generated a strong “scissors effect” on sub-national budgets
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There’s been a trend towards fiscal decentralisation in the last two decades
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From stimulus to fiscal consolidation at sub-national level
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National governments provided support to SNGs and sustained public investment (2008-09)
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Figure 3.6. Sub-national government capital expenditures as a percentage of GDP, 2007 and 2009
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Box 3.1. Examples of multi-level governance arrangements mobilised or created during the crisis in 2008-09
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Figure 3.6. Sub-national government capital expenditures as a percentage of GDP, 2007 and 2009
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From stimulus to consolidation: Pressures on sub-national finances have worsened
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Box 3.2. Fiscal consolidation strategies at the national government level in OECD countries
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Table 3.1. Reduced central government financial support to sub-national government, 2011-13
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Box 3.2. Fiscal consolidation strategies at the national government level in OECD countries
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National governments provided support to SNGs and sustained public investment (2008-09)
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Can the debt of sub-national governments be sustained?
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Figure 3.7. Sub-national government debt as a share of sub-national government revenues, 2007 and 2009
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Figure 3.8. Top four OECD countries in issuing sub-national bonds (excluding the United States), 2006-09
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- Figure 3.9. Evolution of prices of top and medium-to-low-rated bonds, 2006-10
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Figure 3.7. Sub-national government debt as a share of sub-national government revenues, 2007 and 2009
- + Fiscal consolidation requires the credible involvement of sub-national governments
- Changing instruments in fiscal federal relations
- Summary
- Notes
- Bibliography
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Increased financial strains on sub-national governments
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Chapter 1. Regional Growth: Disparities and Opportunities
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Part II. Special Focus: Innovation and Green Growth in Regions
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Chapter 4. Regions Matter for Innovation
- Box 4.1. Global trends in innovation and implications for regional and national policy co-ordination
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Regions are competing in a changing and global innovation context
- + Innovation and regional development policies: A double paradigm shift
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How can regions support innovation-driven development?
- + It depends in part on the regional role for innovation policy
- Regions have strategic choices to boost their innovation-driven growth
- Strategic choices require a “smart” mix of policy instruments
- + There are different tools for effectiveness of public action to leverage private efforts
- Regions can and should be agents of change
- Notes
- Bibliography
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Chapter 5. Green Growth for Regional Development
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How cities can contribute to a green growth strategy
- + Cities and the environment: It is a two-way relationship
- + Improving environmental quality in cities can strengthen their economic attractiveness
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But how is green growth defined?
- Figure: Scenario 1 (Baseline): No impact
- Figure: Scenario 2: Green sector growth
- Figure: Scenario 3: Economic greening
- Figure: Scenario 4: Multi-sector growth
- Figure: Scenario 5: Sectoral displacement
- Figure: Scenario 6: Economic stagnation/de-growth
- Figure 5.6. Impacts of greening policies on economic growth: The desirable and non-desirable scenarios
- + How to enable the transition to urban green growth
- + There are limits to the urban green growth paradigm
- The contribution of rural areas to a green growth regional development strategy
- + An employment strategy for rural areas: Fostering renewable energies
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Managing water: What multi-level governance arrangements should be put in place?
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There is a highly fragmented sector with multiple stakeholders at central and sub-national levels
- Box 5.1. Mapping roles and responsibilities in water policy: The challenging case of the United States
- Figure 5.7. Number of central government institutions involved in water policy, 2010
- Figure 5.8. Type of actors involved in water policy budget
- Figure 5.9. Implementation of central government water policies at the sub-national level, 2010
- + There are significant multi-level governance challenges in water policy
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How to implement appropriate co-ordination mechanisms for water policy
- Figure 5.10. Mechanisms for co-ordinating water policies at the central government level, 2010
- Figure 5.11. Horizontal co-ordination efforts across water and other policy areas, 2010
- Figure 5.12. Vertical mechanisms to co-ordinate water policy in OECD countries, 2010
- Box 5.2. Bridging the information gap: The need for water information systems and performance measurement
- Box 5.3. River basin agencies in response to the administrative gap
- Figure 5.13. Tools to manage the interface between sub-national actors in water policy, 2010
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There is a highly fragmented sector with multiple stakeholders at central and sub-national levels
- Conclusion
- Notes
- Bibliography
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How cities can contribute to a green growth strategy
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Chapter 4. Regions Matter for Innovation
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Part III. Policy Forum: Place-Based or Spatially Blind Development Models?
- + Chapter 6. Why Location Matters: The Terms of a Debate
- + Chapter 7. Improving Regional Development Policies
- + Chapter 8. Places, in Places, but People Everywhere: The Place for Policy
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Chapter 9. Non-market Effects on Agglomeration and their Policy Responses: Can We Overcome the Mismatch?
- + Chapter 10. Why and When Development Policy Should Be Place-Based
- + Chapter 11. Alternative Approaches to Development Policy: Intersections and Divergences
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Part IV. Country Notes
- + Australia
- + Austria
- + Belgium
- + Brazil
- + Canada
- + Chile
- + Czech Republic
- + Denmark
- + Finland
- + France
- + Germany
- + Greece
- + Hungary
- + Iceland
- + Ireland
- + Italy
- + Japan
- + Korea
- Luxembourg
- + Mexico
- + Netherlands
- + New Zealand
- + Norway
- + Poland
- + Portugal
- + Slovak Republic
- + Slovenia
- + Spain
- + Sweden
- + Switzerland
- + Turkey
- + United Kingdom
- + United States
The OECD Regional Outlook 2011 provides an overview of the main developments in performance among OECD regions and the challenges for regional policy after the crisis. The first two chapters present fresh analysis of regional growth and labour-market trends, exploring their implications for policy. This is followed by three chapters offering focused analyses of key policy issues. The first, and most immediate, concerns the state of sub-national government finances in the wake of the crisis and its implications for managing public investment, in particular, during a period of austerity. The next two chapters are concerned with the potential contribution of regions and regional policies to addressing the longer-term challenges of innovation and green growth. Part 3 of the Outlook presents a "policy forum", a wide-ranging debate on the role of regional policy today involving experts and officials from within and outside the OECD. Finally, the Outlook includes individual country pages providing detailed quantitative and qualitative information on regional performance, institutions and policy settings in OECD members.
Book Details
Editors
Categories
Business & Economics > Forecasting
Publishers
Publication year : 2011
License: All rights reserved ©
Times read: 22
