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OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: South Africa 2006
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- Foreword
- Table of Contents
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Highlights and Policy Recommendations
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1. Reforms and their impacts
- South Africa is undergoing radical reforms towards market orientation and more equitable distribution of resources with all racial groups participating in the economy
- Tight monetary and fiscal policies have kept inflation down and stabilised the economy, and more growth-oriented policies have prevailed since 2001
- + Market liberalisation accelerated after 1994 and lead to increasing integration of the South African economy into global markets
- South African agriculture is of a dualistic nature, with a well-developed commercial sector and large numbers of subsistence farms…
- … and its potential for growth is constrained by availability of arable land and water
- + The South African agro-food sector is increasingly integrated with world markets…
- + … with a sharp growth in agricultural exports…
- … and agricultural imports are also increasing somewhat
- Important and wide ranging reforms liberalising domestic and foreign trade and lowering support to agriculture were implemented in the 1990s…
- … and lead to a more market-oriented sector
- Less dependence on state support…
- … contributed to rationalisation of commercial farms
- Land reform is a fundamental element of agricultural reforms, aimed at redressing past injustices
- Some of the components of land reform are well advanced…
- ... while others are lagging behind expectations
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2. Current agricultural policies
- Border protection has been significantly relaxed…
- … and there is an emphasis on negotiating new regional trade agreements
- The budgetary support is increasingly targeted to the beneficiaries of the land reform aiming to develop their agricultural businesses and integrate with markets
- The sector is also implicitly supported by tax relief schemes
- Research and development, education and training, inspection and control, infrastructure are other major areas of public support
- + There are relatively low and declining levels of support to producers…
- … but strong variations between the years…
- + … and uneven distribution of support among commodities
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3. Effects of policy reforms
- Improving market access is one of the priorities of South African policies
- + South Africa benefits from global trade liberalisation, mostly from reforms in non- agricultural sectors…
- … but liberalisation by South Africa itself is an important component of these gains
- Effects of agricultural policy liberalisation on South African agro-food markets are offsetting and relatively small
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4. Policy challenges and recommendations
- Achieving higher and sustained economic growth is crucial for improvements in rural areas…
- Policies to increase participation in the rural economy and diversify incomes are key to addressing rural poverty…
- … including development of rural and social infrastructure
- Land reform has a long way to go and is facing implementation challenges
- … and a more decentralised approach offers promise
- Developing a viable small-scale commercial agriculture requires well targeted support services
- Liberalisation of market and trade policies provide both challenges and opportunities, mainly to commercial farms
- Conclusion
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1. Reforms and their impacts
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Review of Agricultural Policies in South Africa
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Chapter 1. The Policy Context
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1.1. A historical perspective
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1.2. The agriculture and food sector in South Africa
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Declining but still economically important
- Table 1.4. Principal statistics on farm structure in South African commercial agriculture by group of farms according to economic size
- Figure 1.5. Agriculture’s share of GDP, 2000-02 average
- Figure 1.6. Agriculture’s share of total employment, 2000-02 average
- Figure 1.7. Share of agriculture in GDP, agricultural exports and imports, 1990-2004
- + Limited natural endowments for agriculture
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A diverse and dynamic sector
- Figure 1.8. Agricultural output indices, 1990-2004
- Figure 1.9. Structure of the gross value of agricultural production, 1990-92 and 2001-03
- Figure 1.10. Field crop plantings, 1990-2004
- Figure 1.11. Field crop production, 1990-2004
- Figure 1.12. Field crop yield, 1990-2004
- Figure 1.13. Domestic consumption and exports of apples, table grapes and oranges in South Africa, 1990 and 2004
- Figure 1.14. Domestic consumption and exports of other main fruit in South Africa, 1990 and 2004
- Table 1.6. Livestock numbers and slaughterings, 1990 to 2004
- Figure 1.15. Production of main livestock products in South Africa, 1990-2004
- + Addressing agri-environmental problems
- + Declining farm employment but improving conditions
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Increasing financial pressures
- Table 1.12. Input use structure in South African agriculture, 1947-96
- Table 1.13. Intermediate input purchases in South African agriculture, 1980-2003
- Table 1.14. Capital assets and debt of commercial farmers, 1980-2003
- Table 1.15. Total incomes of small-scale farmers based on survey in Limpopo Province
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Declining but still economically important
- + 1.3. Deregulation of agricultural marketing and impacts on the agricultural markets
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1.4. South Africa’s trade in agricultural products
- Figure 1.17. South African agricultural exports and imports, 1992-2004
- Table 1.16. South Africa’s agro-food trade, 2000-2004
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Sharp growth in agricultural exports
- Figure 1.18. South African agricultural exports by destination, 2002-04 average
- Figure 1.19. Changes in export shares to South Africa’s main export destinations between 2000 and 2004
- Figure 1.20. South Africa’s agricultural exports by products, 2002-04 average
- Figure 1.21. Changes in export volume of South Africa’s main exportables between 2002 and 2004
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Agricultural imports also on the rise
- Figure 1.22. South African agricultural imports by source, 2002-04 average
- Figure 1.23. Changes in import shares from South Africa’s main countries of origin between 2000 and 2004
- Figure 1.24. South Africa’s agricultural imports by products, 2002-04 average
- Figure 1.25. Changes in import volume of South Africa’s main importables between 2000 and 2004
- Notes
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1.1. A historical perspective
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Chapter 2. Policy Evaluation
- + 2.1. Agricultural policy framework
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2.2. Domestic policies
- + Price and income support measures
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Land reform
- Box 2.1. Principal National Land Reform Acts
- Figure 2.1. Restitution of agricultural land, by 31 March 2004
- Table 2.2. Cumulative statistics on settled restitution claims, as of 31 March 2004
- Figure 2.2. Settled rural claims by type of compensation, as of 31 March 2004
- Figure 2.3. Progress with land restitution since 1994
- Figure 2.4. Progress with land redistribution since 1994
- Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment for Agriculture (AgriBEE)
- Policies related to input use and financing of agriculture
- Tax concessions
- Disaster relief
- Water use policies
- Agricultural research
- + Extension, education and training
- National regulatory services
- Agricultural and rural infrastructure
- Marketing and promotion
- Agri-environmental measures
- Social measures
- Consumer measures
- Regulatory requirements
- + 2.3. Agro-food trade policies
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2.4. Government expenditures on agro-food policies
- Table 2.4. Provincial and national agriculture expenditure, 2000/01 to 2006/07
- Table 2.5. Provincial agriculture expenditure by programme, 2000/01 to 2006/07
- Figure 2.5. Composition of total provincial agriculture expenditure by programme, 2000/01 to 2006/07
- Table 2.6. Provincial agriculture expenditure by programme, 2004/05
- Figure 2.6. Shares of provinces in aggregate provincial-level expenditures on agricultural programmes, 2004/05
- Table 2.7. National agriculture expenditure by programme, 2000/01 to 2006/07
- Table 2.8. Budgetary expenditure on Land reform
- Figure 2.7. Composition of total national agriculture expenditure by programme, 2000/01 to 2006/07
- + 2.5. Evaluation of policy instruments and institutional arrangements
- + 2.6. Evaluation of support to South African agriculture
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Aggregate results
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Commodity profile of producer support
- Conclusions
- Notes
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Annex 2.A1. Supporting Tables and Figures
- Table 2.A1.1. The roles of Departments serving agriculture
- Table 2.A1.2. Import duties applied on maize and wheat, 1998-2005
- Table 2.A1.3. Import duties applied for sugar, 1994-2005
- Table 2.A1.4. Settled restitution claims: cumulative statistics, 1995 to 30 June 2005
- Table 2.A1.5. Total Estimate of Support to South African Agriculture
- Table 2.A1.6. Producer Support Estimate by commodity
- Table 2.A1.7. Estimates of support to agriculture in selected non-OECD and OECD countries
- Table 2.A1.8. Consumer Support Estimate by commodity
- Figure 2.A1.1. WHEAT: Percentage PSEs, producer and reference prices
- Figure 2.A1.2a. WHITE MAIZE: Percentage PSEs, producer and reference prices
- Figure 2.A1.2b. YELLOW MAIZE: Percentage PSEs, producer and reference prices
- Figure 2.A1.3. SUNFLOWER: Percentage PSEs, producer and reference prices
- Figure 2.A1.4. GROUNDNUTS: Percentage PSEs, producer and reference prices
- Figure 2.A1.5. SUGAR CANE: Percentage PSEs, producer and reference prices
- Figure 2.A1.6. MILK: Percentage PSEs, producer and reference prices
- Figure 2.A1.7. BEEF: Percentage PSEs, producer and reference prices
- Figure 2.A1.8. PIGMEAT: Percentage PSEs, producer and reference prices
- Figure 2.A1.9. SHEEP MEAT: Percentage PSEs, producer and reference prices
- Figure 2.A1.10. POULTRY MEAT: Percentage PSEs, producer and reference prices
- Figure 2.A1.11. EGGS: Percentage PSEs, producer and reference prices
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Chapter 3. Policy Effects
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3.1. Market access barriers to South African agricultural exports
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3.2. Welfare impacts of trade and agricultural policy reforms
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3.3. Household impact of trade and agricultural policy reforms
- + Large income disparities by region and race
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Higher incomes and redistribution of welfare
- Figure 3.11. Equivalent variation in household welfare by province – Based on consumption
- Figure 3.12. Equivalent variation in household welfare by race – Based on consumption
- Figure 3.13. Summary changes in factor incomes – 50% cut in South Africa’s trade barriers with full employment and fiscal neutrality
- Summary
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3.4. The impact of liberalisation on South African agricultural commodity markets
- + 3.5. The effects of policy reform on food security
- Notes
- + Annex 3.A1. Supporting Tables for Chapter 3, Section 3.1
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Annex 3.A2. Supporting Analysis for Chapter 3, Section 3.3
- Figure 3.A2.1. Major real macroeconomic variables
- Table 3.A2.1. Imposed percentage changes in world prices of exports and imports
- Table 3.A2.2. Commodity price results
- Table 3.A2.3. Commodity quantity results – Base volume (for imports and exports) and percentage changes
- Figure 3.A2.2. Activity output
- Table 3.A2.4. Activity prices
- Table 3.A2.5. Components of household incomes – Base levels and changes
- Figure 3.A2.3. Household income by province
- Figure 3.A2.4. Equivalent variation in household welfare by province – Based on consumption
- Figure 3.A2.5. Household income by race
- Figure 3.A2.6. Equivalent variation in household welfare by race – Based on consumption
- Table 3.A2.6. Household incomes and consumption expenditures – by province
- Table 3.A2.7. Household incomes and consumption expenditures – by race
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3.1. Market access barriers to South African agricultural exports
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Chapter 1. The Policy Context
- Acronyms
- Bibliography
The South African economy, including agriculture, is increasingly integrated in world markets with about one-third of agricultural production exported.Wide ranging reforms liberalising domestic and foreign trade, and lowering support to agriculture were implemented in the 1990s. This first comprehensive OECD review of agriculturein South Africa assessesagricultural policies in the context of liberalisation reforms taken, new market pressures, land reform, and Black Economic Empowerment measures and makes a series of policy recommendations.
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Political Science > Public Policy > General
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Publication year : 2006
License: All rights reserved ©
Times read: 3
