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Instrument Mixes for Environmental Policy
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- Foreword
- Table of Contents
- Acronyms
- Executive Summary
- + Chapter 1. Introduction and Basic Concepts
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Chapter 2. Instrument Mixes Addressing Household Waste Generation
- + 2.1. Introduction
- + 2.2. Responses to a questionnaire on instrument mixes addressing household waste
- + 2.3. EU Directives addressing household waste
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2.4. Instruments addressing household waste in the United Kingdom
- + 2.4.1. Introduction
- + 2.4.2. Instruments addressing household waste applying across all of the United Kingdom
- + 2.4.3. Instruments addressing household waste in England
- 2.4.4. Instruments addressing household waste in Wales
- + 2.4.5. Instruments addressing household waste in Scotland and Northern Ireland
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2.5. Instruments addressing household waste in the Netherlands
- + 2.5.1. Introduction
- + 2.5.2. Charges for household waste collection
- 2.5.3. Landfill tax
- 2.5.4. Ban on landfilling
- 2.5.5. Minimum standards for waste management
- 2.5.6. Ban on exports and imports of waste destined for disposal
- 2.5.7. Incentive Programme for Waste Separation and Prevention
- 2.5.8. Environmental Quality of Electricity Production Incentive Scheme
- 2.5.9. Platform for secondary fuels
- 2.5.10. Covenant with the coal-fired power stations
- + 2.5.11. Producer responsibility requirements
- Notes
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Chapter 3. Instrument Mixes Addressing Non-point Sources of Water Pollution
- 3.1. Background
- + 3.2. Overview of instrument mixes used in OECD countries
- + 3.3. EU Directives addressing non-point sources of water pollution
- + 3.4. Instruments addressing non-point sources of water pollution in the United Kingdom
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3.5. Instruments addressing nutrients run-off in the Netherlands
- 3.5.1. Introduction
- + 3.5.2. The first phase of manure policy – manure quotas
- 3.5.3. The second phase of manure policy – trading in manure quotas
- + 3.5.4. The third phase of manure policy – tradable quotas and MINAS
- 3.5.5. Additional instruments addressing manure
- 3.5.6. The EU Nitrate Directive and MINAS
- 3.5.7. The fourth phase of manure policy – Application standards
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3.6. Instruments addressing non-point sources of water pollution in Denmark
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3.7. Instruments addressing nutrients run-off in the Chesapeake Bay area in the United States
- Notes
- + Chapter 4. Instrument Mixes Addressing Residential Energy Efficiency
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Chapter 5. Instrument Mixes Addressing Regional Air Pollution
- + 5.1. Instrument mixes addressing regional air pollution: an overview
- + 5.2. “Aspects” of the environmental issue addressed and the choice of instruments
- + 5.3. Addressing acidification: international framework
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5.4. Instruments addressing regional air pollution in Sweden: NOx and SO2 emissions
- + 5.5. Instruments addressing regional air pollution in Canada
- Notes
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Chapter 6. Instrument Mixes Addressing Emissions to Air of Mercury
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6.1. Introduction
- + 6.2. Instruments addressing mercury emissions to air in Norway
- + 6.3. Instruments addressing mercury emissions to air in Sweden
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6.4. Instruments addressing mercury emissions to air in the United States
- 6.4.1. Introduction
- 6.4.2. Overview of instruments addressing mercury at the Federal level
- 6.4.3. State-level instruments addressing mercury
- 6.4.4. Instruments addressing mercury in the State of Massachusetts
- 6.4.5. Instruments addressing mercury in the State of Michigan
- 6.4.6. More information on instruments addressing mercury emissions from coal combustion
- Notes
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6.1. Introduction
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Chapter 7. Analysis of Current Use of Instrument Mixes
- 7.1. Introduction
- 7.2. Addressing the multi-aspect character of the environmental issue at hand
- + 7.3. Addressing non-environmental market failures
- 7.4. Limiting compliance-cost uncertainty
- + 7.5. Limiting administrative costs
- 7.6. Mutually supporting instruments
- + 7.7. Instruments added to address non-environmental policy concerns
- + 7.8. Mixes where lacking instruments hamper effectiveness or efficiency
- 7.9. Mixes where instrument design hampers effectiveness or efficiency
- 7.10. Mixes where instruments applied for other purposes hamper effectiveness or efficiency
- 7.11. Mixes where instruments applied to address different environmental issues conflict
- + 7.12. Mixes where the economic efficiency is hampered by overlapping instruments
- + 7.13. Mixes with large differences in marginal abatement incentives for different sectors
- + 7.14. Mixes where further analyses could be appropriate
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7.15. Are the mixes used at present environmentally effective?
- + 7.15.1. Household waste
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7.15.2. Non-point sources of water pollution
- Figure 7.4. Nitrogen balance estimates for OECD member countries
- Figure 7.5. Nitrogen balances in Denmark, Netherlands, United Kingdom and the United States
- Figure 7.6. Nitrate in groundwater at a depth of 5-15 meter in the Netherlands
- Figure 7.7. Phosphorous balance estimates for OECD member countries
- Figure 7.8. Phosphorous balances in Denmark, Netherlands, United Kingdom and the United States
- Figure 7.9. Estimated nutrient loads from agriculture to the Chesapeake Bay
- Figure 7.10. Change in usage of pesticides in OECD member countries
- Figure 7.11. Pesticides use and treatment frequencies
- Figure 7.12. Pesticides in groundwater and water abstraction wells
- + 7.15.3. Residential energy efficiency
- + 7.15.4. Regional air pollution
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7.15.5. Mercury emissions to air
- Figure 7.19. Emissions to air of mercury in Norway and Sweden
- Figure 7.20. Use of mercury in products in Norway
- Figure 7.21. Concentrations of mercury per gram of moss in different parts of Norway
- Figure 7.22. Amounts of mercury contained in products sold in Sweden
- Figure 7.23. Use of mercury in the United States
- Figure 7.24. Mercury production, consumption, prices and legislation in the United States
- Figure 7.25. Emissions to air of mercury in the United States
- 7.16. Are the mixes used at present economically efficient?
- Notes
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Chapter 8. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
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8.1. Conclusions
- 8.1.1. The specificities of the environmental issue
- 8.1.2. The instrument mixes currently being applied
- 8.1.3. Economic incentives are vital
- 8.1.4. Mutually reinforcing instruments
- 8.1.5. Combinations of quota systems and other instruments
- 8.1.6. “Safety valves” in quota systems
- 8.1.7. Non-environmental policy concerns
- 8.1.8. Overlapping instruments
- 8.1.9. Co-ordination is needed
- + 8.2. Policy recommendations
- Notes
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8.1. Conclusions
- References
What are the impacts on environmental effectiveness and economic efficiency of using an “instrument mix”, rather than a single instrument, to address a given environmental problem? What are the main arguments for using such instrument mixes, and are the instrument mixes currently in use actually well designed in response to these arguments? These are the main questions addressed in this report, which is based on a series of in-depth case studies.The case studies analyse instrument mixes applied in OECD countries to address household waste, non-point sources of water pollution in agriculture, residential energy efficiency, regional air pollution and emissions to air of mercury.
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Book Details
Editors
Categories
Political Science > Public Policy > Environmental Policy
Publishers
Publication year : 2007
License: All rights reserved ©
Times read: 11
